Platos View of Love Essays - 1139 Words

Plato is often criticized for preaching the gospel of me first. The claim is that his understanding of love is essentially egoistic, and this is seen as troublesome for the obvious ethical reasons. But there may be an even more troubling issue with Platos understanding of love. In this paper I will attempt to argue that for Plato, love is in a sense impossible; that it can only ever be a desire for something out of ones grasp. The stakes are high but perhaps there is a way to understand this problem in a way that seems a little less damning. To do this I will analyze arguments from the Lysis and the Symposium, first questioning even the possibility of love and then attempt to show that love is in fact possible, all though in weaker†¦show more content†¦This is essentially the same kind of relationship I have to the plant in a garden. I water the plants, weed the ground around, allowing them to flourish and in turn they provide me with food. It seems on this conception of love I am equally able to love plant and a person, and do so in very much the same manner. If love then, is love the useful it encompasses so much as to become almost meaningless. It is odd to think of a young girl picking petals of a flower saying, he thinks Im useful, he thinks he Im useful not. Or staring deep into a lovers eye and saying,You are useful to me. In the Symposium Plato places Socrates in a dialogue with the goddess Diotima. She says two things of interest to this paper about love. Firstly, at 206a that humans when they love long to possess the good and do so for ever, and secondly that at 206b that To love is to bring forth upon the beautiful, both in body and soul (Hamilton 558). The first statement makes a claim about what love is, a desire to posses the good, and the second a statement about what love does, bring forth the beautiful. I will now briefly analyze both claims. If love longs to possess the good there are two possibilities, either man can co me to possess the good or it can not. Now the good itself, the form of the good stands outside of the realm of human existence, it is not possible for men to see the form of the good. This can be derived from the worstShow MoreRelatedPlato s View On Philosophers1334 Words   |  6 Pages Plato is a philosopher; however, in â€Å"Plato’s Republic,† Plato’s view on philosophers within society is rather unorthodox compared with others who study philosophy. This is due to Plato’s views of individuals each having different skills they are naturally good at; he states that only true philosophers will be fit to rule. All others who attempt to rule will create terrible consequences for a city. The people shun philosophers because they are lovers of knowledge and are perceived to be differentRead MorePlatos life and contributions to society.. What is known about his past, and how he enhanced the world around him.1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor historical happe nings. Second, one should examine Platos specific surroundings and environment. However, most of the specific biographical information about Plato is based upon assumptions and educated guesses, none of which can be proven. Third, one should examine one of the most significant people in Platos life, his teacher Socrates. There is much information to begotten from Socrates, though most of it is found indirectly in Platos writings, being that Socrates never wrote anything. FourthRead MorePlato’s View of Division of Labor in Plato’s Republic Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s view of division of labour is divided into three types of peoples’ task in life which are workers as farmers, military type and guardians. Actually, the ruling task of Plato’s Republic is the guardian’s responsible who had achieved the greatest wisdom or knowledge of good. Due to that, Plato claims that â€Å"philosopher must become kings or those now who called kings must genuinely and adequately philosophise’’ (Nussbaum1998, p.18). However, people argue about the reasons that the philosopherRead MorePlato Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfailed to go anywhere with this dream also. Having not won an Olympic metal or anything for his poetry Plato thought he was going to simply become a mere statesman. As a last fling he decided to take a go at philosophy (Havelock 4). For Plato this was love at first sight. Plato began his studies under his â€Å"master† also known as Socrates. For nine years Socrates taught Plato through conversational methods also known as â€Å"dialectic† method (Friedlander 17). Plato spent all of this time learning about himselfRead More Aristophanes Agathon in Women at the Thesmophoria Essays1459 Words   |  6 Pagesat this view of Agathon, Greek views of homoeroticism are brought up and Agathon’s reputation and character in the world of Ancient Greece is brought into question. How much of this portrayal is actual, and how much is Aristophanes use of comedy? More importantly, what is exposed in viewing Agathon in this light? In order to answer these questions, an alternate, non-comic view of Agathon must be looked at, which Plato’s Symposium offers. By comparing Agathon’s portrayal in both works, views on AgathonRead MorePlato vs. Aristotle: Virtue1656 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical Scie nce 201 November 12, 2013 Anna Umstead Plato and Aristotle, arguably two of the most influential Greek philosophers, discussed their differing views on virtue extensively throughout many of their works. Although they agree that virtue is a desirable characteristic that will lead to happiness, the ultimate good, there exists between the two philosophies salient differences. While Plato believes only philosophers are capable of true, inherent virtue, Aristotle believes all men canRead MoreWhat Is The Recipe For A Perfect Ruler?1008 Words   |  5 Pagesis the recipe for a perfect ruler? Some may say charisma, personability, or even good looks. Throughout history, a plethora of leaders with different views have been successful for many different kinds of societies. Depending on what the society needs, rulers change their ways as well as do what they can for the well being of their people. In Plato’s The Republic, the character Socrates argues with his peers about what makes the perfect society, as well as the perfec t leader. According to Plato, theRead MoreAllegory Of The Giver By Lois Lowry1436 Words   |  6 Pagestouch base more on the Plato’s themes from the Republic, Book X and The Allegory of The Cave in relation to the Lois Lowry’s The Giver. What I would like to be kept in mind while making our comparison, is my previous commentary on the Allegory of the Cave from prior class discussions on Plato, The Allegory of the Cave shows us to not just stare at the known shadows and be satisfied with it, but to look beyond it to find the truth and real understanding. And Plato’s ideas in regards to artRead MoreComparing Plato s The Republic957 Words   |  4 Pagesof traits creates the perfect ruler? Some may say charisma, personability, or even good looks. Throughout history, a plethora of leaders with different views have been successful for many different kinds of societies. Depending on what the society needs, rulers change their ways as well as do what they can f or the good of their people. In Plato’s The Republic, the character Socrates argues with his peers about what makes the perfect society, as well as the perfect leader. According to Plato, theRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue1493 Words   |  6 Pagesnoble. Furthermore, Plato’s Symposium was also a reflection as to what virtues are. Plato’s explanation of virtue is emphasised through the symposium and the Phaedrus. In the case of the symposium, the discussion of love is developed by 5 protagonists in the symposium; Phaedrus, Pausanias, Erxyimachus, Aristophanes and Agathon. They discuss the nature of love, adding their own interpretation to the previous person’s opinion. Their speeches ultimately lead to the understanding that love bestows the greatest

Essay on Stages of Pip Growing Up in the Novel Great...

Great Expectations is a novel by Charles Dickens that thoroughly captures the adventures of growing up. The book details the life of a boy through his many stages of life, until he is finally a grown man, wizened by his previous encounters. Dickens’ emotions in this book are very sincere, because he had a similar experience when his family went to debtor’s prison. Pip starts as a young boy, unaware of social class, who then becomes a snob, overcome by the power of money, and finally grows into a mature, hardworking man, knowing that there is much more to life than money. In the first stage of Great Expectations, Pip begins as a contented boy, happy with his own way of life, but soon becomes humiliated by the ones he loves, and starts†¦show more content†¦Nearing the end of the first act though, this completely changes, and Pip wants nothing to do with the common trade. Beginning in the second stage, Pip goes off to London with his newfound fortune to become a gentleman, though all that he would truly become is a rich, wealthy snob. Upon arriving at Barnard’s Inn, Pip rudely talks about the shabby conditions of the place, even saying, â€Å"So imperfect was this realization of the first of my great expectations that I looked in dismay at Wemmick,† showing that now that he is rich, he feels he should be treated like a king (181). Wemmick even mistakes his look of contempt, demonstrating that already he is becoming a snob, but at this point others don’t take him to be one. Although this passage only talks about the ‘first’ of Pip’s expectations, one can see that they are already set too high. Pip accompanies Wemmick to Newgate prison, but afterwards says, â€Å"I wished Wemmick had not met me, or I had not yielded to him and gone with him,† because he feels he is too far above the prisoners there (279). This is very ironic, because the person who has made him ‘rise’ above all these people is a convict. Pip didn’t want Newgate to be ‘on’ him because he felt it would detour Estella, when in fact her father was a convict as well. When Pip finds out that Magwitch is his benefactor and not Miss Havisham he says, â€Å"The abhorrence in which I held theShow MoreRelatedSociety Refers To Certain Childhoods As â€Å"Dickensian,† As1442 Words   |  6 Pagesas â€Å"Dickensian,† as growing up in underprivileged and hopeless civilizations. In Charles Dickens novel, Great Expectations, depicts a bildungsroman named Pip who experiences the hopeless and uncertain life that he is born upon. Pip is faced with hardships due to his punitive childhood. Starting as an orphan and later becoming a gentleman, Pip was able to overcome his childhood obstacles to become a dynamic character in the novel. In the opening chapters of Great Expectations, Dickens portrays theRead MoreEssay on Pips Development Through Character Interactions1304 Words   |  6 PagesDickens’ novel Great Expectations, the character, personality, and social beliefs of Pip undergo complete transformations as he interacts with an ever-changing pool of characters presented in the book. Pip’s moral values remain more or less constant at the beginning and the end; however, it is evident that in the time between, the years of his maturation and coming of adulthood, he is fledgling to find his place in society. Although Pip is influenced by many characters throughout the novel, his twoRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1622 Words   |  7 PagesIn Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, a conflict between a young boy named Pip and his sister s husband named Joe formed complex father-son relationship. This relationship has many ups and downs that result in Pip s journey to becoming an exper ienced adult. The conflicting feelings between Pip and Joe contribute to the long lasting nature of this book because of their similarities to life in the real world. Whether it is Pip s embarrassment of Joe s common blacksmith social class, or aRead MoreAnalysis: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens951 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide their children with a lots of care and a happy and loving childhood. Children growing up in this environment will describe their youth as a time of wonder and laughter; they will enjoy the experiences as a child. However, in the Victorian age, this is a completely different story as most children had to go through many hardships and sufferings, in order to satisfy the needs of their family. Great Expectations is set in the Victorian age and Charles Dickens portrays the years of childhood asRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens Great Expectations3684 Words   |  15 PagesComposition 27 January 2014 Analysis Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations â€Å"And as to the condition on which you hold your advancement in life—namely, that you are not to inquire or discuss to whom you owe it—you may be very sure that it will never be encroached upon, or even approached by me, or by any one belonging to me.† (Dickens, 177). This excerpt foretells the main theme of the novel, Pip’s journey of self-improvement. The main theme of the novel, Pip’s journey for self-improvement, has been playedRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1390 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations Great expectations can be summarized in one word, bildungsroman. It’s a big word just how Great Expectations is a big book, about 400 pages to be exact. Bildungsroman is a word used by many English teachers and scholars to describe a story about growing up. Great Expectations comes to follow a young orphan, whose name is Pip, going from boyhood to manhood. The book also isn’t about watching a character grow older; it’s about watching how a character changes, hopefully for theRead MoreEssay on Happiness and Social Status in Great Expectations1520 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters in Great Expectations. The novel is written from the point of view of the protagonist, Pip. Pip guides the reader through his life, describing the different stages from childhood to manhood. Many judgments are made regarding the other characters, and Pips views of them are constantly changing according to his place in the social hierarchy. For instance, Pip feels total admiration that , later, turns to total shame for the man who raised him, Joe Gargery. The primary theme in this novel questionsRead MoreEssay on Great Expectations by Charles Dickens2121 Words   |  9 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens In Great Expectations, Dickens wants to explore what it means to be a gentleman in the rapidly changing Victorian England. He suggests that money is not everything, but you need some to get yourself started in the world. Being a gentleman means that you have to be moral, kind, courteous, hard working, financially independent and educated. Pip’s experiences of social class, in some ways mirror those of Dickens’ childhood. Dickens’ parents were middleRead More The Bildungsroman Genre Essay4241 Words   |  17 PagesINTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1- BILDUNGSROMAN NOVELS......................................................................................... 2- TWO BILDUNGSROMAN NOVELS............................................................................. 3.1- Great Expectations..................................................................................................... 3.2- Emma.......................Read MoreAchieving Measure of Contentment in Charles Dickens Great Expectations4413 Words   |  18 PagesAchieving Measure of Contentment in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Works Cited Not Included Great Expectations is a novel that not only satires the issues of Victorian society, such as status and crime, but additionally centres on the rites of passage for a child living in that society. It is through this central

Can Machines Think Free Essays

Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Machines Think? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem. It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do. One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea. He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows; Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, followed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two. By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking – he would not be understanding the story. This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. â€Å"In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics† (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpreting Chinese. Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to ‘causal properties’ and ‘intentionality’ stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both. It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approach and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searle’s argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ? Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brain’s structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? â€Å"Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance† (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and more of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observe rs might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically! The effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyn’s example – an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schank’s story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more ‘causal properties’ than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think. However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief; either one believes that our ‘intentionality’ derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesn’t. Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated â€Å"I think. Therefore, I am†. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References How to cite Can Machines Think?, Papers Can Machines Think Free Essays Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Machines Think? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem. It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do. One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea. He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows; Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, followed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two. By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking – he would not be understanding the story. This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. â€Å"In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics† (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpreting Chinese. Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to ‘causal properties’ and ‘intentionality’ stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both. It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approach and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searle’s argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ? Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brain’s structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? â€Å"Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance† (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and more of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observe rs might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically! The effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyn’s example – an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schank’s story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more ‘causal properties’ than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think. However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief; either one believes that our ‘intentionality’ derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesn’t. Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated â€Å"I think. Therefore, I am†. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References How to cite Can Machines Think?, Essay examples

Alkalosis and Gastrointestinal Symptoms †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Alkalosis and Gastrointestinal Symptoms. Answer: Introduction: This is to be noted that the leading companies can significantly recognize the requirements of specific and successfully meet them in terms of offering services and products. According to the business analysts and academics have named this process or procedure as market segmentations. However, the significant entrepreneurs would like to call this method nothing but common sense. It can be said that the collection of the multiple products have taken place on the showcases of the markets on the basis of different requirements and interests of individual customers. This is to be mentioned that the diversity of products and services depends on the different buying practices and elementary differentiations of the clients desires. The opportunities they access from the multiple services and products are equivalent to the interests and desires of the clients. It can be stated that every individual cannot be impressed with the same facility of a particular service or products. This is to be understood that the Woolworths need to facilitate their products and services with variety in order to satisfy the different needs of different customers. Therefore, the brands and companies realize the significance and importance of focusing on a particular sort of clients instead of getting into the wholesale market. The number of companies who stick to specific group of clients is significantly increasing. This particular method of identification or acknowledgement of target client group is being named as market segmentation. This is the method where the companies aggregate the clients into small unites on the basis of their similar interests, needs and buying features. The Henry Ford Model T philosophy can come into consideration here in order to evaluate this method of clients segmentation. One can select a color apart from black as black is not the suitable one for this. This is to be noted that the number of companies who decide to be in the league of targeting mass have fallen down because of multiple causes. It can be stated that the target orientation attitude gets developed on the basis of categorically distinct market segmentations. The concept of Boots can be discussed in this situation. The Boots had once an identical concept. However, there is a tough competition between Boots Pharmacy, Boots variety store and Boots Health and Beauty (Randall, Seow and Walsh2015). The methods of clients being targeted with particular products have emerged with the introduction of Green International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management. The companies targeted the clients with particular products such as unleaded petrol. It is to be mentioned tha t this sort of petrol is trademarked distinctly from the leading petroleum brands. This trend is rising. It can be said that the mass market products have been disappeared with the passing time. The case of salt can come into the consideration. This is to be noted that the salt with low sodium replacements are being available in the market to meet the health conscious clients requirements. It is to be mentioned that Woolworths, possibly the last leading company in the mass market league also gave up on the procedure and start focusing on the method of targeting clients from the year of 1980 (Drake?Brockman et al., 2015). This can be suggested that the base of the market segmentation depend on the requirements in the academic marketing press and popular marketing press. Woolworths have witnessed how the effective and operational execution of market segmentation and consequent targeting lead them to success. However, the target segmentation is only one factor to reach success. It does not play the ultimate role to achieve success. This is to be stated that the method of segmentation can be applied with the help of three elements such as segmentation, targeting and positioning. The transformation of the requirements and the desires of the consumers in a significant perceptible mix of merchandises, market, price and distribution and the quality of the service with the supreme approach can be acknowledged as the major challenge. The number and type of target segments differ as per the market, product and company. It can be assumed as a complex method. However, the impact of this execution is distinct. This is to be noted that the quest for essential positioning requires to be moderated. It can be observed that there is a common tendency to overlook the matter that consumers interest and expectation play the pivotal role in market segmentation (Wasserberg, Kirsch and Rowton 2014). This can be said that the specific service or production may lose their particular importance and individuality as they aim to fulfill the clients requirements. The particular capacities of the particular company will determine the position of particular brand of services. This depen ds on the practical and physical characteristics of a specific product that come into consideration. This is also the matter of competition that how they can fulfill the needs of the particular client. It can be stated that the success of the particular company or product are being determined by the number of loyal clients. Therefore, it is important to modify the marketing strategies regularly and acknowledge the messages they receive from the consumers in order to make the service or product beneficial to them. This can easily be said that the conscious segmentation of the particular market is always helpful in recognizing the different market goals and scopes. It is important to have a strategic understanding to assess how the scopes can be realized. This understanding generates from the improvised analyze and understanding of the interest of the customers in the target group. The promotional activities or proper service or product stylization or prize discounts can be introduced in order to attract the interest of the clients. The profits can be established with the case of Woolworths. This can be seen that consumer demographics and the benefits services are being sought based because of the segmentation of the market in case of Woolworths. This method can be recognized as one of the significant procedures to aggregate people in groups. The essential characteristics such as age, gender and individuality can be considered as the general characteristics in the customer markets. This is to be noted that Woolworths have acknowledged the specific requirement of a particular group of consumers in the significant market. The identification of the particular segments can be acknowledged in the field of socio-economy in the first place. The segmentation of target groups can play the major roles in the global market by using the essential and operative segmentation in order to achieve a position with a specific role. This is because the segmentation aims to recognize the different scopes by leaders from different brand. However, the market strategists of Woolworths utilize the method of market segmentation in a profitable and significant manner. This is to be mentioned that the four sorts of products and service scopes can be applied. Market Presentation: This section aims to increase the proportion of sales in the global market by competing the significant rivals in terms of contemporary consequences. Product Development: This section is to offer improvised and polished products and services to contemporary markets by the growth of the wide range of product. Market Development: This section is dedicate to sell the current products and services by identifying the new presentations and applications. Diversification: This section is focused on providing original products while stepping in to a new market. This is important to recognize the multiplicity of market scopes with the help of segmentation. However, the wrong application or execution of this particular method can lead the company to failure. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the effective and essential segmentation in order to meet the multiple criteria. The lists of segment include Recognizable: These sorts of segmentations are simple to describe and measure. Practicable: These types of segmentations are huge to be possibly beneficial. Saleable and manageable: These sorts of segmentations are simple to highlight the factors with the help of sales and advertising work. Steady: These types of segmentations are large in terms of taking particular actions. This is significant and important to ignore the threats of the specific tunnel vision. It is important to understand that the companies should identify segmentation as the only and correct method for working in a specific market. This can be predicted that the changes in terms of customer trends and stationary sales can act as a positive hint of targeting policy. Woolworths plays a major role in this specific industry of Australia. It can be stated that this company have accomplished specific level of advancement and progress among the Australian retail industry for significant reasons. There are multiple issues that help this company to enter in the leading league. This is to be noted that a leading company such as Woolworths have their own critical strategies to perform. It is important to analyze the strategies of Woolworths to understand the significance of the position of this particular company. This is to be stated that this company has successfully executed the strategy plans in a positive way. The strategies that Woolworths follow include target segmenting, denoting of target market and positioning accordingly. It is to be mentioned that there are significant strategic elements that need to be considered and evaluated in order to understand the strategic position and contemporary state of the company in both the local and global mark et. This is to be noted that the target market denotes a group of clients a particular product or service aimed at. It can be said that Woolworths is popular as one of the leading supermarket retailers of Australia. This should be remembered there is a primary target to Woolworths is to increase their sell. It would be beneficial if they could target the mass irrespective their political, social and economic structure. However, it is difficult to target people from the different backgrounds at the same time with the same product. The lifestyle of an individual depends on the circumstances and the situations they born and brought up and lives at. These factors have an essential impact on their interests and requirements. Therefore, Woolworths decided to target people from one or two different class. It can be said that the people who have ample amount of money can have much options. It is not possible to receive loyalty from them as they can switch the brands and products. They do not compromise with the quality. They always look for the new and fresh options. Therefore, they basically target the middle class, lower middle class and the labor class people. It can understood this company strategically low down the price of their products in order to attract significant number of people. There is one significant and essential point to add in terms of Woolworths strategies. It offers verity of products under the same roof. This is to be said that Woolworths have correctly recognized the market segments. They have decide in which market they need to enter at the primary stated. This particular company has made a definite marketing program which comprises the essential materials of the beneficial marketing mix. They have crafted a marketing mix to identify and meet the precise needs of the specific segments they targeted. This is how Woolworths dominate the other retailer chains with the help of proper strategy. This company has correctly realized that it was not meant for exclusively upper end of the significant market as that had comparatively low volumes and high margins of unite. The consumer profile is shown as follows: Segmentation criteria Details of consumer Geographic Mary Williams living in suburbs region of Sydney Demographics She is 25 years old, and a company secretary in successful organization with the income of $400,000 per year. She is high income family Behavioral Mary is a brand loyal customer and therefore limits her buying behavior. Psychographics Mary is highly community minded. She gives high attention on innovation. Woolworths have taken the significant decisions that how many groups and what kind of groups they need to target at the first place. The specific target groups segmented by Woolworths can be recognized to understand the contemporary situation and circumstances. The options they kept listed while segmenting the target clients comprise: Focusing on one particular segment with single product or service. Providing the product and service to multiple numbers of groups. Create the value base of a particular target while targeting one particular group of clients. This can be stated that the selection of the groups or individuals that Woolworths have targeted can come into the contemplation in order to generate the sources and the executions of the specific strategies in a proper way. The specific activities of Woolworths denote the confirmations that it is impossible to target the mass in terms of distribution of a particular product or services. It is evident that every individual has his/ her own choice. It is not possible for a company or a product to satisfy the requirements of every individual or to meet the desires of every individual at one go. Therefore, Woolworths finally decided to segment their customers and meet their needs accordingly. This is true that they can earn the reputation by catering the upper class people. However, it is evident that they can earn significant revenues by lowering the prize of the products. This is how they can increase their sell and earn profit (Ayvaz, Balaban and Kong, 2017). Therefore they decided to target the less earning and less privileged class with their products. However, it can be suggested that even there are diversity of choices and interest in the same class people. This is why Woolworths decide to focus on one particular group of people with one particular product. The success of this company lies in their wisdom. It can be said that the growth of this particular company as the leading retailers is dependent on this single segment strategy. This is to be noted that Woolworths has developed an idea and mix of contributions with the steady approach. Positioning: This is to be noted that the specific companies should determine how the target segments work in order to promote and sell the products and services. It can be stated that the requirements of the specific clients need to be transformed into physical mix of price, product, promotion and distribution. The customers perception regarding the service or the product and the place of positioned have a connection to the rivalry is specifically complex. This is to be mentioned that the clients do not identify a product as per the desire of the manufacturers (Rundle-Thiele, Dietrichand Kubacki, 2017). Therefore, Woolworths does not expect to meet the expectations of their own. However, they do not give up and do not fail to put the entire effort on their services. This to be noted that the theorist Wind has stated a significant theory on market positioning. According to him the particular product should be professedly the specific target clients in order to provide a different image. It can be said that the product positioning basically denote the place where a product subjugates in the specific market. This method takes place as per the perception of the significant group of clients (Scrinis, Parker and Carey, 2017). The entire procedure is known as the target segmentation of a particular market. Harrison has also stated an important theory on the perception of target clients (Urwin, Dwyer and Carr2016). He stated that the position of the particular product defines the average of the important elements usually attributed to it by the significant number of the customers. This is to be mentioned that the positioning has actually nothing to do with the product or the service. It basically is formed in the minds of the target clients. This is necessary to produce an image of the idea that has been generated by the clients interest. A number of cosmetic changes can take place in the significant product or service (Radon et al., 2017). Woolworths found it important to let the selection be done by the customers. However, they decide to control positions termed and conditioned by the different elements that would be significant for the customers as well (Phillips 2016). This is to be noted that the price play the pivotal role in case of shopping grocery, selecting a venue to go or purchasing significant element. This is important to research in order to understand the perception of clients of the multiple products available in the market. Woolworths understand with the help of vivid research how the customers can access products and which products may attract them. The market research highlights the perception of clients towards the multiple brands or the services (Leonidou et al., 2015). The research also is evaluating this perception and the operation accordingly. It is to be noted that the perceptual mapping is basically a strategy developed by the dealers and the market researchers to give a clear idea of the perception of target client group. It also highlights the process of prioritizing products as per the perception (McLawhorn et al., 2015). It is stating an instance where the clients assume that the range of the product and price play the role of significant feature of the market. X denotes the "perfect" position: high merchandise range measurement and above regular price (Greenland, Johnson and Seifi, 2016). Through perpetual map the positioning of Woolworths can be ascertained to know that the products and services are acknowledged by the buyers and also purchase it. Moreover, Woolworths products are of high quality and sold at high prices that aim to create a distinct position in the society as compared to its competitors. Recommendation: It can be suggested that the position of the product include its quality, the pattern of the group of users who want to access it, the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and the threats of the particular brand or the company. The method of positioning begins with a particular product or service. Then this method comprises the material of the product, the efficiency of the provided services, the particular company, organization or even an individual. The changes may include the name of the product, price, wrapping, stylization or placement. These changes may incorporate into the product in order to promote the specific image of the product that has been visualized or perceived by the target clients. This is to be mentioned that the particular service or product must have a different image and position than its rivals. The wide range of multiplicity can be assumed as the pivotal reason of success in case of Woolworths. The diversity can be considered as the key of brand positioning of Woolworths Conclusion: Woolworths has therefore attained a crucial position within the retail segment of Australia. The major strategy of the organization includes expanding Woolworths leadership within all its existing market segments. The company also maintains its target market by satisfying the demand of the individuals with premium quality products. 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