Platos View of Love Essays - 1139 Words

Plato is often criticized for preaching the gospel of me first. The claim is that his understanding of love is essentially egoistic, and this is seen as troublesome for the obvious ethical reasons. But there may be an even more troubling issue with Platos understanding of love. In this paper I will attempt to argue that for Plato, love is in a sense impossible; that it can only ever be a desire for something out of ones grasp. The stakes are high but perhaps there is a way to understand this problem in a way that seems a little less damning. To do this I will analyze arguments from the Lysis and the Symposium, first questioning even the possibility of love and then attempt to show that love is in fact possible, all though in weaker†¦show more content†¦This is essentially the same kind of relationship I have to the plant in a garden. I water the plants, weed the ground around, allowing them to flourish and in turn they provide me with food. It seems on this conception of love I am equally able to love plant and a person, and do so in very much the same manner. If love then, is love the useful it encompasses so much as to become almost meaningless. It is odd to think of a young girl picking petals of a flower saying, he thinks Im useful, he thinks he Im useful not. Or staring deep into a lovers eye and saying,You are useful to me. In the Symposium Plato places Socrates in a dialogue with the goddess Diotima. She says two things of interest to this paper about love. Firstly, at 206a that humans when they love long to possess the good and do so for ever, and secondly that at 206b that To love is to bring forth upon the beautiful, both in body and soul (Hamilton 558). The first statement makes a claim about what love is, a desire to posses the good, and the second a statement about what love does, bring forth the beautiful. I will now briefly analyze both claims. If love longs to possess the good there are two possibilities, either man can co me to possess the good or it can not. Now the good itself, the form of the good stands outside of the realm of human existence, it is not possible for men to see the form of the good. This can be derived from the worstShow MoreRelatedPlato s View On Philosophers1334 Words   |  6 Pages Plato is a philosopher; however, in â€Å"Plato’s Republic,† Plato’s view on philosophers within society is rather unorthodox compared with others who study philosophy. This is due to Plato’s views of individuals each having different skills they are naturally good at; he states that only true philosophers will be fit to rule. All others who attempt to rule will create terrible consequences for a city. The people shun philosophers because they are lovers of knowledge and are perceived to be differentRead MorePlatos life and contributions to society.. What is known about his past, and how he enhanced the world around him.1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor historical happe nings. Second, one should examine Platos specific surroundings and environment. However, most of the specific biographical information about Plato is based upon assumptions and educated guesses, none of which can be proven. Third, one should examine one of the most significant people in Platos life, his teacher Socrates. There is much information to begotten from Socrates, though most of it is found indirectly in Platos writings, being that Socrates never wrote anything. FourthRead MorePlato’s View of Division of Labor in Plato’s Republic Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s view of division of labour is divided into three types of peoples’ task in life which are workers as farmers, military type and guardians. Actually, the ruling task of Plato’s Republic is the guardian’s responsible who had achieved the greatest wisdom or knowledge of good. Due to that, Plato claims that â€Å"philosopher must become kings or those now who called kings must genuinely and adequately philosophise’’ (Nussbaum1998, p.18). However, people argue about the reasons that the philosopherRead MorePlato Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfailed to go anywhere with this dream also. Having not won an Olympic metal or anything for his poetry Plato thought he was going to simply become a mere statesman. As a last fling he decided to take a go at philosophy (Havelock 4). For Plato this was love at first sight. Plato began his studies under his â€Å"master† also known as Socrates. For nine years Socrates taught Plato through conversational methods also known as â€Å"dialectic† method (Friedlander 17). Plato spent all of this time learning about himselfRead More Aristophanes Agathon in Women at the Thesmophoria Essays1459 Words   |  6 Pagesat this view of Agathon, Greek views of homoeroticism are brought up and Agathon’s reputation and character in the world of Ancient Greece is brought into question. How much of this portrayal is actual, and how much is Aristophanes use of comedy? More importantly, what is exposed in viewing Agathon in this light? In order to answer these questions, an alternate, non-comic view of Agathon must be looked at, which Plato’s Symposium offers. By comparing Agathon’s portrayal in both works, views on AgathonRead MorePlato vs. Aristotle: Virtue1656 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical Scie nce 201 November 12, 2013 Anna Umstead Plato and Aristotle, arguably two of the most influential Greek philosophers, discussed their differing views on virtue extensively throughout many of their works. Although they agree that virtue is a desirable characteristic that will lead to happiness, the ultimate good, there exists between the two philosophies salient differences. While Plato believes only philosophers are capable of true, inherent virtue, Aristotle believes all men canRead MoreWhat Is The Recipe For A Perfect Ruler?1008 Words   |  5 Pagesis the recipe for a perfect ruler? Some may say charisma, personability, or even good looks. Throughout history, a plethora of leaders with different views have been successful for many different kinds of societies. Depending on what the society needs, rulers change their ways as well as do what they can for the well being of their people. In Plato’s The Republic, the character Socrates argues with his peers about what makes the perfect society, as well as the perfec t leader. According to Plato, theRead MoreAllegory Of The Giver By Lois Lowry1436 Words   |  6 Pagestouch base more on the Plato’s themes from the Republic, Book X and The Allegory of The Cave in relation to the Lois Lowry’s The Giver. What I would like to be kept in mind while making our comparison, is my previous commentary on the Allegory of the Cave from prior class discussions on Plato, The Allegory of the Cave shows us to not just stare at the known shadows and be satisfied with it, but to look beyond it to find the truth and real understanding. And Plato’s ideas in regards to artRead MoreComparing Plato s The Republic957 Words   |  4 Pagesof traits creates the perfect ruler? Some may say charisma, personability, or even good looks. Throughout history, a plethora of leaders with different views have been successful for many different kinds of societies. Depending on what the society needs, rulers change their ways as well as do what they can f or the good of their people. In Plato’s The Republic, the character Socrates argues with his peers about what makes the perfect society, as well as the perfect leader. According to Plato, theRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue1493 Words   |  6 Pagesnoble. Furthermore, Plato’s Symposium was also a reflection as to what virtues are. Plato’s explanation of virtue is emphasised through the symposium and the Phaedrus. In the case of the symposium, the discussion of love is developed by 5 protagonists in the symposium; Phaedrus, Pausanias, Erxyimachus, Aristophanes and Agathon. They discuss the nature of love, adding their own interpretation to the previous person’s opinion. Their speeches ultimately lead to the understanding that love bestows the greatest

Essay on Stages of Pip Growing Up in the Novel Great...

Great Expectations is a novel by Charles Dickens that thoroughly captures the adventures of growing up. The book details the life of a boy through his many stages of life, until he is finally a grown man, wizened by his previous encounters. Dickens’ emotions in this book are very sincere, because he had a similar experience when his family went to debtor’s prison. Pip starts as a young boy, unaware of social class, who then becomes a snob, overcome by the power of money, and finally grows into a mature, hardworking man, knowing that there is much more to life than money. In the first stage of Great Expectations, Pip begins as a contented boy, happy with his own way of life, but soon becomes humiliated by the ones he loves, and starts†¦show more content†¦Nearing the end of the first act though, this completely changes, and Pip wants nothing to do with the common trade. Beginning in the second stage, Pip goes off to London with his newfound fortune to become a gentleman, though all that he would truly become is a rich, wealthy snob. Upon arriving at Barnard’s Inn, Pip rudely talks about the shabby conditions of the place, even saying, â€Å"So imperfect was this realization of the first of my great expectations that I looked in dismay at Wemmick,† showing that now that he is rich, he feels he should be treated like a king (181). Wemmick even mistakes his look of contempt, demonstrating that already he is becoming a snob, but at this point others don’t take him to be one. Although this passage only talks about the ‘first’ of Pip’s expectations, one can see that they are already set too high. Pip accompanies Wemmick to Newgate prison, but afterwards says, â€Å"I wished Wemmick had not met me, or I had not yielded to him and gone with him,† because he feels he is too far above the prisoners there (279). This is very ironic, because the person who has made him ‘rise’ above all these people is a convict. Pip didn’t want Newgate to be ‘on’ him because he felt it would detour Estella, when in fact her father was a convict as well. When Pip finds out that Magwitch is his benefactor and not Miss Havisham he says, â€Å"The abhorrence in which I held theShow MoreRelatedSociety Refers To Certain Childhoods As â€Å"Dickensian,† As1442 Words   |  6 Pagesas â€Å"Dickensian,† as growing up in underprivileged and hopeless civilizations. In Charles Dickens novel, Great Expectations, depicts a bildungsroman named Pip who experiences the hopeless and uncertain life that he is born upon. Pip is faced with hardships due to his punitive childhood. Starting as an orphan and later becoming a gentleman, Pip was able to overcome his childhood obstacles to become a dynamic character in the novel. In the opening chapters of Great Expectations, Dickens portrays theRead MoreEssay on Pips Development Through Character Interactions1304 Words   |  6 PagesDickens’ novel Great Expectations, the character, personality, and social beliefs of Pip undergo complete transformations as he interacts with an ever-changing pool of characters presented in the book. Pip’s moral values remain more or less constant at the beginning and the end; however, it is evident that in the time between, the years of his maturation and coming of adulthood, he is fledgling to find his place in society. Although Pip is influenced by many characters throughout the novel, his twoRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1622 Words   |  7 PagesIn Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, a conflict between a young boy named Pip and his sister s husband named Joe formed complex father-son relationship. This relationship has many ups and downs that result in Pip s journey to becoming an exper ienced adult. The conflicting feelings between Pip and Joe contribute to the long lasting nature of this book because of their similarities to life in the real world. Whether it is Pip s embarrassment of Joe s common blacksmith social class, or aRead MoreAnalysis: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens951 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide their children with a lots of care and a happy and loving childhood. Children growing up in this environment will describe their youth as a time of wonder and laughter; they will enjoy the experiences as a child. However, in the Victorian age, this is a completely different story as most children had to go through many hardships and sufferings, in order to satisfy the needs of their family. Great Expectations is set in the Victorian age and Charles Dickens portrays the years of childhood asRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens Great Expectations3684 Words   |  15 PagesComposition 27 January 2014 Analysis Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations â€Å"And as to the condition on which you hold your advancement in life—namely, that you are not to inquire or discuss to whom you owe it—you may be very sure that it will never be encroached upon, or even approached by me, or by any one belonging to me.† (Dickens, 177). This excerpt foretells the main theme of the novel, Pip’s journey of self-improvement. The main theme of the novel, Pip’s journey for self-improvement, has been playedRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1390 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations Great expectations can be summarized in one word, bildungsroman. It’s a big word just how Great Expectations is a big book, about 400 pages to be exact. Bildungsroman is a word used by many English teachers and scholars to describe a story about growing up. Great Expectations comes to follow a young orphan, whose name is Pip, going from boyhood to manhood. The book also isn’t about watching a character grow older; it’s about watching how a character changes, hopefully for theRead MoreEssay on Happiness and Social Status in Great Expectations1520 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters in Great Expectations. The novel is written from the point of view of the protagonist, Pip. Pip guides the reader through his life, describing the different stages from childhood to manhood. Many judgments are made regarding the other characters, and Pips views of them are constantly changing according to his place in the social hierarchy. For instance, Pip feels total admiration that , later, turns to total shame for the man who raised him, Joe Gargery. The primary theme in this novel questionsRead MoreEssay on Great Expectations by Charles Dickens2121 Words   |  9 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens In Great Expectations, Dickens wants to explore what it means to be a gentleman in the rapidly changing Victorian England. He suggests that money is not everything, but you need some to get yourself started in the world. Being a gentleman means that you have to be moral, kind, courteous, hard working, financially independent and educated. Pip’s experiences of social class, in some ways mirror those of Dickens’ childhood. Dickens’ parents were middleRead More The Bildungsroman Genre Essay4241 Words   |  17 PagesINTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1- BILDUNGSROMAN NOVELS......................................................................................... 2- TWO BILDUNGSROMAN NOVELS............................................................................. 3.1- Great Expectations..................................................................................................... 3.2- Emma.......................Read MoreAchieving Measure of Contentment in Charles Dickens Great Expectations4413 Words   |  18 PagesAchieving Measure of Contentment in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Works Cited Not Included Great Expectations is a novel that not only satires the issues of Victorian society, such as status and crime, but additionally centres on the rites of passage for a child living in that society. It is through this central

Can Machines Think Free Essays

Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Machines Think? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem. It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do. One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea. He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows; Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, followed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two. By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking – he would not be understanding the story. This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. â€Å"In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics† (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpreting Chinese. Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to ‘causal properties’ and ‘intentionality’ stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both. It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approach and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searle’s argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ? Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brain’s structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? â€Å"Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance† (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and more of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observe rs might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically! The effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyn’s example – an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schank’s story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more ‘causal properties’ than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think. However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief; either one believes that our ‘intentionality’ derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesn’t. Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated â€Å"I think. Therefore, I am†. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References How to cite Can Machines Think?, Papers Can Machines Think Free Essays Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Machines Think? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem. It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do. One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea. He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows; Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, followed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two. By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking – he would not be understanding the story. This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. â€Å"In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics† (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpreting Chinese. Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to ‘causal properties’ and ‘intentionality’ stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both. It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approach and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searle’s argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ? Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brain’s structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? â€Å"Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance† (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and more of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observe rs might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically! The effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyn’s example – an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schank’s story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more ‘causal properties’ than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think. However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief; either one believes that our ‘intentionality’ derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesn’t. Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated â€Å"I think. Therefore, I am†. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References How to cite Can Machines Think?, Essay examples

Alkalosis and Gastrointestinal Symptoms †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Alkalosis and Gastrointestinal Symptoms. Answer: Introduction: This is to be noted that the leading companies can significantly recognize the requirements of specific and successfully meet them in terms of offering services and products. According to the business analysts and academics have named this process or procedure as market segmentations. However, the significant entrepreneurs would like to call this method nothing but common sense. It can be said that the collection of the multiple products have taken place on the showcases of the markets on the basis of different requirements and interests of individual customers. This is to be mentioned that the diversity of products and services depends on the different buying practices and elementary differentiations of the clients desires. The opportunities they access from the multiple services and products are equivalent to the interests and desires of the clients. It can be stated that every individual cannot be impressed with the same facility of a particular service or products. This is to be understood that the Woolworths need to facilitate their products and services with variety in order to satisfy the different needs of different customers. Therefore, the brands and companies realize the significance and importance of focusing on a particular sort of clients instead of getting into the wholesale market. The number of companies who stick to specific group of clients is significantly increasing. This particular method of identification or acknowledgement of target client group is being named as market segmentation. This is the method where the companies aggregate the clients into small unites on the basis of their similar interests, needs and buying features. The Henry Ford Model T philosophy can come into consideration here in order to evaluate this method of clients segmentation. One can select a color apart from black as black is not the suitable one for this. This is to be noted that the number of companies who decide to be in the league of targeting mass have fallen down because of multiple causes. It can be stated that the target orientation attitude gets developed on the basis of categorically distinct market segmentations. The concept of Boots can be discussed in this situation. The Boots had once an identical concept. However, there is a tough competition between Boots Pharmacy, Boots variety store and Boots Health and Beauty (Randall, Seow and Walsh2015). The methods of clients being targeted with particular products have emerged with the introduction of Green International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management. The companies targeted the clients with particular products such as unleaded petrol. It is to be mentioned tha t this sort of petrol is trademarked distinctly from the leading petroleum brands. This trend is rising. It can be said that the mass market products have been disappeared with the passing time. The case of salt can come into the consideration. This is to be noted that the salt with low sodium replacements are being available in the market to meet the health conscious clients requirements. It is to be mentioned that Woolworths, possibly the last leading company in the mass market league also gave up on the procedure and start focusing on the method of targeting clients from the year of 1980 (Drake?Brockman et al., 2015). This can be suggested that the base of the market segmentation depend on the requirements in the academic marketing press and popular marketing press. Woolworths have witnessed how the effective and operational execution of market segmentation and consequent targeting lead them to success. However, the target segmentation is only one factor to reach success. It does not play the ultimate role to achieve success. This is to be stated that the method of segmentation can be applied with the help of three elements such as segmentation, targeting and positioning. The transformation of the requirements and the desires of the consumers in a significant perceptible mix of merchandises, market, price and distribution and the quality of the service with the supreme approach can be acknowledged as the major challenge. The number and type of target segments differ as per the market, product and company. It can be assumed as a complex method. However, the impact of this execution is distinct. This is to be noted that the quest for essential positioning requires to be moderated. It can be observed that there is a common tendency to overlook the matter that consumers interest and expectation play the pivotal role in market segmentation (Wasserberg, Kirsch and Rowton 2014). This can be said that the specific service or production may lose their particular importance and individuality as they aim to fulfill the clients requirements. The particular capacities of the particular company will determine the position of particular brand of services. This depen ds on the practical and physical characteristics of a specific product that come into consideration. This is also the matter of competition that how they can fulfill the needs of the particular client. It can be stated that the success of the particular company or product are being determined by the number of loyal clients. Therefore, it is important to modify the marketing strategies regularly and acknowledge the messages they receive from the consumers in order to make the service or product beneficial to them. This can easily be said that the conscious segmentation of the particular market is always helpful in recognizing the different market goals and scopes. It is important to have a strategic understanding to assess how the scopes can be realized. This understanding generates from the improvised analyze and understanding of the interest of the customers in the target group. The promotional activities or proper service or product stylization or prize discounts can be introduced in order to attract the interest of the clients. The profits can be established with the case of Woolworths. This can be seen that consumer demographics and the benefits services are being sought based because of the segmentation of the market in case of Woolworths. This method can be recognized as one of the significant procedures to aggregate people in groups. The essential characteristics such as age, gender and individuality can be considered as the general characteristics in the customer markets. This is to be noted that Woolworths have acknowledged the specific requirement of a particular group of consumers in the significant market. The identification of the particular segments can be acknowledged in the field of socio-economy in the first place. The segmentation of target groups can play the major roles in the global market by using the essential and operative segmentation in order to achieve a position with a specific role. This is because the segmentation aims to recognize the different scopes by leaders from different brand. However, the market strategists of Woolworths utilize the method of market segmentation in a profitable and significant manner. This is to be mentioned that the four sorts of products and service scopes can be applied. Market Presentation: This section aims to increase the proportion of sales in the global market by competing the significant rivals in terms of contemporary consequences. Product Development: This section is to offer improvised and polished products and services to contemporary markets by the growth of the wide range of product. Market Development: This section is dedicate to sell the current products and services by identifying the new presentations and applications. Diversification: This section is focused on providing original products while stepping in to a new market. This is important to recognize the multiplicity of market scopes with the help of segmentation. However, the wrong application or execution of this particular method can lead the company to failure. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the effective and essential segmentation in order to meet the multiple criteria. The lists of segment include Recognizable: These sorts of segmentations are simple to describe and measure. Practicable: These types of segmentations are huge to be possibly beneficial. Saleable and manageable: These sorts of segmentations are simple to highlight the factors with the help of sales and advertising work. Steady: These types of segmentations are large in terms of taking particular actions. This is significant and important to ignore the threats of the specific tunnel vision. It is important to understand that the companies should identify segmentation as the only and correct method for working in a specific market. This can be predicted that the changes in terms of customer trends and stationary sales can act as a positive hint of targeting policy. Woolworths plays a major role in this specific industry of Australia. It can be stated that this company have accomplished specific level of advancement and progress among the Australian retail industry for significant reasons. There are multiple issues that help this company to enter in the leading league. This is to be noted that a leading company such as Woolworths have their own critical strategies to perform. It is important to analyze the strategies of Woolworths to understand the significance of the position of this particular company. This is to be stated that this company has successfully executed the strategy plans in a positive way. The strategies that Woolworths follow include target segmenting, denoting of target market and positioning accordingly. It is to be mentioned that there are significant strategic elements that need to be considered and evaluated in order to understand the strategic position and contemporary state of the company in both the local and global mark et. This is to be noted that the target market denotes a group of clients a particular product or service aimed at. It can be said that Woolworths is popular as one of the leading supermarket retailers of Australia. This should be remembered there is a primary target to Woolworths is to increase their sell. It would be beneficial if they could target the mass irrespective their political, social and economic structure. However, it is difficult to target people from the different backgrounds at the same time with the same product. The lifestyle of an individual depends on the circumstances and the situations they born and brought up and lives at. These factors have an essential impact on their interests and requirements. Therefore, Woolworths decided to target people from one or two different class. It can be said that the people who have ample amount of money can have much options. It is not possible to receive loyalty from them as they can switch the brands and products. They do not compromise with the quality. They always look for the new and fresh options. Therefore, they basically target the middle class, lower middle class and the labor class people. It can understood this company strategically low down the price of their products in order to attract significant number of people. There is one significant and essential point to add in terms of Woolworths strategies. It offers verity of products under the same roof. This is to be said that Woolworths have correctly recognized the market segments. They have decide in which market they need to enter at the primary stated. This particular company has made a definite marketing program which comprises the essential materials of the beneficial marketing mix. They have crafted a marketing mix to identify and meet the precise needs of the specific segments they targeted. This is how Woolworths dominate the other retailer chains with the help of proper strategy. This company has correctly realized that it was not meant for exclusively upper end of the significant market as that had comparatively low volumes and high margins of unite. The consumer profile is shown as follows: Segmentation criteria Details of consumer Geographic Mary Williams living in suburbs region of Sydney Demographics She is 25 years old, and a company secretary in successful organization with the income of $400,000 per year. She is high income family Behavioral Mary is a brand loyal customer and therefore limits her buying behavior. Psychographics Mary is highly community minded. She gives high attention on innovation. Woolworths have taken the significant decisions that how many groups and what kind of groups they need to target at the first place. The specific target groups segmented by Woolworths can be recognized to understand the contemporary situation and circumstances. The options they kept listed while segmenting the target clients comprise: Focusing on one particular segment with single product or service. Providing the product and service to multiple numbers of groups. Create the value base of a particular target while targeting one particular group of clients. This can be stated that the selection of the groups or individuals that Woolworths have targeted can come into the contemplation in order to generate the sources and the executions of the specific strategies in a proper way. The specific activities of Woolworths denote the confirmations that it is impossible to target the mass in terms of distribution of a particular product or services. It is evident that every individual has his/ her own choice. It is not possible for a company or a product to satisfy the requirements of every individual or to meet the desires of every individual at one go. Therefore, Woolworths finally decided to segment their customers and meet their needs accordingly. This is true that they can earn the reputation by catering the upper class people. However, it is evident that they can earn significant revenues by lowering the prize of the products. This is how they can increase their sell and earn profit (Ayvaz, Balaban and Kong, 2017). Therefore they decided to target the less earning and less privileged class with their products. However, it can be suggested that even there are diversity of choices and interest in the same class people. This is why Woolworths decide to focus on one particular group of people with one particular product. The success of this company lies in their wisdom. It can be said that the growth of this particular company as the leading retailers is dependent on this single segment strategy. This is to be noted that Woolworths has developed an idea and mix of contributions with the steady approach. Positioning: This is to be noted that the specific companies should determine how the target segments work in order to promote and sell the products and services. It can be stated that the requirements of the specific clients need to be transformed into physical mix of price, product, promotion and distribution. The customers perception regarding the service or the product and the place of positioned have a connection to the rivalry is specifically complex. This is to be mentioned that the clients do not identify a product as per the desire of the manufacturers (Rundle-Thiele, Dietrichand Kubacki, 2017). Therefore, Woolworths does not expect to meet the expectations of their own. However, they do not give up and do not fail to put the entire effort on their services. This to be noted that the theorist Wind has stated a significant theory on market positioning. According to him the particular product should be professedly the specific target clients in order to provide a different image. It can be said that the product positioning basically denote the place where a product subjugates in the specific market. This method takes place as per the perception of the significant group of clients (Scrinis, Parker and Carey, 2017). The entire procedure is known as the target segmentation of a particular market. Harrison has also stated an important theory on the perception of target clients (Urwin, Dwyer and Carr2016). He stated that the position of the particular product defines the average of the important elements usually attributed to it by the significant number of the customers. This is to be mentioned that the positioning has actually nothing to do with the product or the service. It basically is formed in the minds of the target clients. This is necessary to produce an image of the idea that has been generated by the clients interest. A number of cosmetic changes can take place in the significant product or service (Radon et al., 2017). Woolworths found it important to let the selection be done by the customers. However, they decide to control positions termed and conditioned by the different elements that would be significant for the customers as well (Phillips 2016). This is to be noted that the price play the pivotal role in case of shopping grocery, selecting a venue to go or purchasing significant element. This is important to research in order to understand the perception of clients of the multiple products available in the market. Woolworths understand with the help of vivid research how the customers can access products and which products may attract them. The market research highlights the perception of clients towards the multiple brands or the services (Leonidou et al., 2015). The research also is evaluating this perception and the operation accordingly. It is to be noted that the perceptual mapping is basically a strategy developed by the dealers and the market researchers to give a clear idea of the perception of target client group. It also highlights the process of prioritizing products as per the perception (McLawhorn et al., 2015). It is stating an instance where the clients assume that the range of the product and price play the role of significant feature of the market. X denotes the "perfect" position: high merchandise range measurement and above regular price (Greenland, Johnson and Seifi, 2016). Through perpetual map the positioning of Woolworths can be ascertained to know that the products and services are acknowledged by the buyers and also purchase it. Moreover, Woolworths products are of high quality and sold at high prices that aim to create a distinct position in the society as compared to its competitors. Recommendation: It can be suggested that the position of the product include its quality, the pattern of the group of users who want to access it, the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and the threats of the particular brand or the company. The method of positioning begins with a particular product or service. Then this method comprises the material of the product, the efficiency of the provided services, the particular company, organization or even an individual. The changes may include the name of the product, price, wrapping, stylization or placement. These changes may incorporate into the product in order to promote the specific image of the product that has been visualized or perceived by the target clients. This is to be mentioned that the particular service or product must have a different image and position than its rivals. The wide range of multiplicity can be assumed as the pivotal reason of success in case of Woolworths. The diversity can be considered as the key of brand positioning of Woolworths Conclusion: Woolworths has therefore attained a crucial position within the retail segment of Australia. The major strategy of the organization includes expanding Woolworths leadership within all its existing market segments. The company also maintains its target market by satisfying the demand of the individuals with premium quality products. The organization has also effective growth strategies that lead to the maximization of profit in the present competitive market. The leadership position of Woolworths in the market has also increased the abilitys of the company to exploit its market potential. The company has enable to increase its segmentation and positioning in the market and to ensure better customer satisfaction. Reference: Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014).Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Ayvaz, Z., Balaban, M. O., Kong, K. J. W. (2017). Effects of Different Brining Methods on Some Physical Properties of Liquid Smoked King Salmon.Journal of food processing and preservation,41(1). Balogh, P., Bksi, D., Gorton, M., Popp, J., Lengyel, P. (2016). Consumer willingness to pay for traditional food products.Food Policy,61, 176-184. Drake?Brockman, T. F. E., Ledowski, T., Hegarty, M., Gessner, M., Ungern?Sternberg, B. S. (2015). A comparison of the i?gel and the PRO?Breathe laryngeal mask during pressure support ventilation in children.Anaesthesia,70(12), 1412-1417. Forman, J. L., Joodaki, H., Forghani, A., Riley, P. O., Bollapragada, V., Lessley, D. J., ... Yarboro, S. (2015).Whole-body response for pedestrian impact with a generic sedan buck(No. 2015-22-0016). SAE Technical Paper. Greenland, S. J., Johnson, L., Seifi, S. (2016). Tobacco manufacturer brand strategy following plain packaging in Australia: implications for social responsibility and policy.Social Responsibility Journal,12(2), 321-334. Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., Fotiadis, T. A., Aykol, B. (2015). Dynamic capabilities driving an eco-based advantage and performance in global hotel chains: The moderating effect of international strategy.Tourism Management,50, 268-280. McLawhorn, A. S., Sculco, P. K., Weeks, K. D., Nam, D., Mayman, D. J. (2015). Targeting a new safe zone: a step in the development of patient-specific component positioning for total hip arthroplasty.American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ),44(6), 270-276. Phillips, A. (2016). How books are positioned in the market: Reading the cover. InJudging a Book by its Cover(pp. 41-52). Routledge. Radon, P., Lwa, N., Gutkelch, D., Wiekhorst, F. (2017). Design and characterization of a device to quantify the magnetic drug targeting efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles in a tube flow phantom by magnetic particle spectroscopy.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,427, 175-180. Randall, J. P., Seow, W. K., Walsh, L. J. (2015). Antibacterial activity of fluoride compounds and herbal toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study.Australian dental journal,60(3), 368-374. Rundle-Thiele, S., Dietrich, T., Kubacki, K. (2017). Why We Need Segmentation When Designing Social Marketing Programs. InSegmentation in Social Marketing(pp. 197-214). Springer, Singapore. Scrinis, G., Parker, C., Carey, R. (2017). The Caged Chicken or the Free-Range Egg? The Regulatory and Market Dynamics of Layer-Hen Welfare in the UK, Australia and the USA.Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,30(6), 783-808. Urwin, C. S., Dwyer, D. B., Carr, A. J. (2016). Induced alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms after sodium citrate ingestion: a dose-response investigation.International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism,26(6), 542-548. Wasserberg, G., Kirsch, P., D Rowton, E. (2014). Orientation of colonized sand flies Phlebotomus papatasi, P. duboscqi, and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) to diverse honeys using a 3?chamber in?line olfactometer.Journal of Vector Ecology,39(1), 94-102.

Human Disease And Their Control Follow Up Questions 1a) When People Re

Human Disease and Their Control follow up questions 1a) When people refer to pathogens, they are talking about bacteria that cause disease. 1b)The toxins actually excreted by the pathogens are the main cause of diseases although thetoxins are only by-products of the pathogen's metabolism. 2a)In most cases, the toxins excreted by the pathogens find there way into the circulatory system. Thus, sometimes, the infection is caused somewhere else from where the toxins were excreted. An example of this would be Rheumatic fever. The toxins that ca Yet another example of where the disease is in a different location then where the toxin was released is Dipheria. The pathogen that causes Diptheria is usually located in the throat. As the toxin is released, it travels all the way to affect limb muscle 2b) Examples of where the disease is at the site of the bacteria could be Tetanus and Tuberculosis. The tetanus bacteria releases a deadly toxin which can affect the whole body which causes paralyz ation. As it affects the whole body, the disease would mos 3a) In our environment, we encounter all sorts of micro-organisms. Sometimes these air-borne diseases are pathogens and could cause and make one sick. Examples of air-borne pathogens that cause diseases are the ones that cause whooping cough, scarlet feve 3b) An example for this kind of transmission would be the kind of pathogens found in feces. Typhoid fever is one of the kinds of diseases that are transmitted through water as these pathogens are found in feces. The feces released would sooner or later fi 4a) Besides transmitting disease through everyday drinking water and the air, another way of transmitting diseases are by contact. Chicken Pox and Small Pox are some of the many diseases that can be caused by contact. 4b) Veneral diseases like gonorrhea and syphilis can also be transmitted by contact. 5a) An example of a disease that can be transmitted if there is a wound would be our very familiar Tetanus. An example of how someone would acwuire tetanus from a wound would be like this: The construction worker moves around a lot and works very hard. Down on the floor is a tetanus infected nail. As the worker is too busy caring for his job, he accidently steps on the nail and gives the tetanus bacteria a chance to get into the body. The 6a) Immune carriers can be classified as those who have recovered from a certain disease and is immune to it, but still carries the pathogens. The immune carriers show no indecation of a disease with no symptoms, but this carrier can still trnasmit these 6b) One major disease carrier is the Anthropod. They pick up the pathogens in their food, where they walk and other places. As they carry the disease, they move to other places either for food or shelter purposes. When they bite or sting other organisms, 7) The skin is the main protector from pathogens. The first line of defense is the structure of the skin itself. It is almost impossible for pathogens to pass the skin layer. Those who do would go through the pores in our skin. The second line of defense 8a) Some cells that engulf pathogens are known as phagocytes. This is so because the phagocytes engulf the pathogens through a special process known as phagocytosis. An example of a phagocyte would be blood cells known as leucocytes. The whole job of thes 8b) What many people refer to as Pus is actually the left overs of dead leucocytes and pathogens. 8c) Serious infections cause the swelling of the nymph nodes as there are too many dead leucocytes and pathogens to store for excretion from the body. 9a) Antigens are foriegn proteins to the human body. In turn, these foreign proteins cause a reaction. Usually, the main cause of these foreign proteins would be toxins from pathogens or micro-organisms. 9b) When an antigen enters the body, a certain reaction occurs. When it has been found out that an antigen really is present, it causes the spleen and the lymph nodes to produce a substance know n as antibody. This antibody is a specifically desgined aubst 9c) An antitoxin is a kind

Free Essays on Children In “The Brothers Karamazov

Children in the Brothers Karamazov Children are portrayed in â€Å"The Brothers Karamazov† as being mistreated by adults and by God. Ivan, who is the most troubled by children’s sufferings, doesn’t want to forget them so he keeps articles about the misfortunes dealt upon children. The story also incorporates tales of children that are in the town, and surrounding areas, who become important to the plot of the story. By the end of the book Dostoevsky wants you to feel such grief and sadness for the children that it might even challenge your faith to God. The first child I will mention is discussed in the â€Å"Peasant Women Who Have Faith† chapter. A peasant woman goes to see Father Zosima because she has lost her son. The woman is very distraught and says that she left her husband and the rest of her family because she couldn’t take it anymore. This woman had already lost three other sons and just couldn’t stand to lose another. Father Zosima tells her a story about a saint who comforts a grieving mother, like herself, who had lost her only child. â€Å"Knowest thou not,† said the saint to her, â€Å"how bold these little ones are before the throne of God? Verily there are none bolder than they in the Kingdom of Heaven. Thou didst give us life, oh Lord, they say, and scarcely had we looked upon it when thou didst take it back again. And so boldly they ask and ask again that God gives them at once the rank of angels.† (41). After father Zosima tells her the story he says, â€Å"know that your little one is surely before the throne of God, is rejoicing and happy, and praying to God for you, and therefore weep, but rejoice.† (41). This idea is a polar opposite of Ivan’s view of children. Father Zosima is not interested with what happens in this life but the next. It’s what a monk does. Ivan’s view is more grounded and I shall me... Free Essays on Children In â€Å"The Brothers Karamazov Free Essays on Children In â€Å"The Brothers Karamazov Children in the Brothers Karamazov Children are portrayed in â€Å"The Brothers Karamazov† as being mistreated by adults and by God. Ivan, who is the most troubled by children’s sufferings, doesn’t want to forget them so he keeps articles about the misfortunes dealt upon children. The story also incorporates tales of children that are in the town, and surrounding areas, who become important to the plot of the story. By the end of the book Dostoevsky wants you to feel such grief and sadness for the children that it might even challenge your faith to God. The first child I will mention is discussed in the â€Å"Peasant Women Who Have Faith† chapter. A peasant woman goes to see Father Zosima because she has lost her son. The woman is very distraught and says that she left her husband and the rest of her family because she couldn’t take it anymore. This woman had already lost three other sons and just couldn’t stand to lose another. Father Zosima tells her a story about a saint who comforts a grieving mother, like herself, who had lost her only child. â€Å"Knowest thou not,† said the saint to her, â€Å"how bold these little ones are before the throne of God? Verily there are none bolder than they in the Kingdom of Heaven. Thou didst give us life, oh Lord, they say, and scarcely had we looked upon it when thou didst take it back again. And so boldly they ask and ask again that God gives them at once the rank of angels.† (41). After father Zosima tells her the story he says, â€Å"know that your little one is surely before the throne of God, is rejoicing and happy, and praying to God for you, and therefore weep, but rejoice.† (41). This idea is a polar opposite of Ivan’s view of children. Father Zosima is not interested with what happens in this life but the next. It’s what a monk does. Ivan’s view is more grounded and I shall me...

Management Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Project - Research Paper Example There are mainly two reasons for selecting this research paper. The impact of motivation on employees and organizational performance are analyzed in this research paper. Various comprehensive approaches are highlighted here. Another reason for selecting this research paper is to examine the relation between firm’s performance and motivation of the employees. Intensive research has been done here for evaluating the topic of the paper. This information gathered from this research paper shows the contribution of motivational on the productivity of the company (U.S, 2013). This research paper is divided into five parts. In the 1st part the topic of the research paper is introduced and along with that the reasons for conducting the report is mentioned. In the second part views of various authors are highlighted. Methodology of the paper has been reviewed here. The importance of the research method has been addressed in the paper (Daniels, 2006). The purposes of this report have been clearly highlighted in this research paper. Various causes for employee motivation have been focused properly in this research paper. The researchers have used some theories by which they supported the purpose of the researcher paper (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004). Employee motivation has a strong relationship with organizational performance. As per the purposes of research paper the detailed analysis of the topic has been done. The organization considers its employees as its important part. Therefore with the help of this study the researchers efficiently focus on the relationship of organizational members within the company (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). The research questions which were used by the researchers are very clearly explained in this paper. The questions highlight the impact of employee motivation on organizational performance. The main purpose of the research question is clearly stated in the paper. For making the research question proper and clear the

Themes of Romantic Music and Renaissance Painting Essay

Themes of Romantic Music and Renaissance Painting - Essay Example A common value that romantic music appreciatively adds on the development of renaissance painting is the period that the two art elements came to existence. By romantic music having existed at the same century as that which renaissance paintings did, it was inevitable that the value of romantic music were relayed through the work of fine art as the artists of that time postulated. An artist like Leonardo da Vinci was known to express and relay emotion on painting canvas, being an artist who appreciated the element of romantic music he could then bring himself to supplement romantic music with paintings effectively. A denoted development such as the invention of musical instruments during the 17th century is a value that effectively influenced the development of renaissance painting. Instruments such as the piano and the guitar are elements that represent music. This element of music representation then reciprocated as renaissance artists could then assign a music instruments incorpor ating it in their paintings to represent musical paintings. A very famous painting of a man playing a guitar; by Fiery Lombard done in 1590’s in Rome is a representation of this type of paintings inspired by musical instruments. A theme appreciated as that that facilitated the renaissance paintings is religion. Many artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci had a very strong religious background; therefore, in some of their paintings, they most likely choose to incorporate religious elements in their paintings.

Globalization Impact on Public Administration Essay

Globalization Impact on Public Administration - Essay Example Globalization is referred to the phenomenon of converting the local markets into global markets. More specifically, it can also be explained as an initiative to encourage the domestic business players to emerge with the outlook of a global competitor (Globalization-Bowne Global Translation, 2011). It is in this context that globalization has played an effective role to speed up the significance of democracy in public administrations. Democracy, in turn, strongly influenced sociable relations between different nations leading towards a positive impact of globalization on the public administrations practices. It is worth mentioning that implementing democracy to ensure legitimate governance in public services is highly essential in this context. Currently, the public officials are concentrating on the implementation of the democratic governance in their respective administrations which enhances the role of democracy in the system. Thus, because of the interdependent relationship existi ng between public administration and democracy, it is quite likely that the practices of this concept will differ from one nation to the other on the basis of the democratic divergences (Gonzalez, 2004). For instance, public administration practices of United States of America have been claimed as different from that of other countries. According to the experts, the private sectors in US follow a modified and reframed law, sophisticated organizational theory, effective political science and economic implications. It is because of these factors that the public administration in US is quite different from other nations (Riggs, 2000). The public administration of US also possesses certain distinctive features. Among these the most significant feature is that the public administration practices consider a veil between the politics and their administration in order to create and ensure effective and clean governance. In US, the public officials do not allow the political issues to affect the internal atmosphere of the organization; whereas, the tendency differs in certain other nations which may include both developed and developing countries. This significantly assists the public organizations in US to achieve its goal with limited political influence and other similar hurdles. Thus, the US public officials can be observed to approach with an inductive thinking for the betterment of the system (Sezen, 2000). Globalization plays a key role in framing legal constraints and also tends to direct legal practices and modifications in the existing forms through restructuring and expansion. Furthermore, the functions of national legislation have been observed to decline. Simultaneously, the international commercial arbitration centers earned increasing importance after the elimination of transnational commercial disputes. These were the effects of the legal restraints over globalization. Moreover, these effects took place due to the increasing importance of privatization in the jurisdiction of the US. These effects are measured on the basis of increase in the number of commercial arbitration centers. On the contrary, the US practiced a unique jurisdiction for public administration. This in turn diminished the dependency of public administrations on the administrative laws and thus the role played by these laws was also altered (Sezen, 2000). In the similar context, public officials tend to be highly influenced by the cultural bases which again are reflected in their public administra

Frequency modulation the amplitude

Frequency modulation the amplitude INTRODUCTION In frequency modulation the amplitude is kept constant and the frequency is modulated by the amplitude of the modulating signal. The modulation index for fm is m = maximum frequency deviation/modulating frequency. FM signal can be represented as:- v = ac sin(wct + m sin wmt ) ABSTRACT Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant. The information-bearing signal (the modulating signal) changes the instantaneous frequency of the carrier. Since the amplitude is kept constant, FM modulation is a low-noise process and provides a high quality modulation technique which is used for music and speech in hi-fidelity broadcasts. In addition to hi-fidelity radio transmission, FM techniques are used for other important consumer applications such as audio synthesis and recording the luminance portion of a video signal with less distortion. There are several devices that are capable of generating FM signals, such as a VCO or a reactance modulator. Frequency Modulation is abbreviated FM. Definitions An important concept in the understanding of FM is that of frequency deviation. The amount of frequency deviation a signal experiences is a measure of the change in transmitter output frequency from the rest frequency of the transmitter. The rest frequency of a transmitter is defined as the output frequency with no modulating signal applied. For a transmitter with linear modulation characteristics, the frequency deviation of the carrier is directly proportional to the amplitude of the applied modulating signal. Mathematical Analysis of FM As was done with AM, a mathematical analysis of a high-frequency sine wave, modulated by a single tone or frequency, will be used to yield information about the frequency components in an FM wave, FM power relations, and the bandwidth of an FM signal. From the definition of frequency deviation, an equation can be written for the signal frequency of an FM wave as a function of time: fsignal = fC + kf eM(t) = fC + kf EM sin?Mt And substitution of d = kf EM yields: fsignal = fC + d sin?Mt But what does this equation indicate? It seems to be saying that the frequency of the transmitter is varying with time. This brings up the same type of problem that was observed when we looked at a time display of AM and then performed a mathematical analysis in an attempt to determine its frequency content. With AM, the signal appeared to be a sine wave thats amplitude was changing with time. At the time, it was pointed out that a sine wave, by definition, has a constant peak amplitude, and thus cannot have a peak amplitude that varies with time. What about the sine waves frequency? It also must be a constant and cannot be varying with time. As was the case with AM, where it turned out that our modulated wave was actually the vector sum of three sine waves, a similar situation is true for FM. An FM wave will consist of three or more frequency components vectorially added together to give the appearance of a sine wave thats frequency is varying with time when displayed in the time domain. A somewhat complex mathematical analysis will yield an equation for the instantaneous voltage of an FM wave of the form shown here: eFM(t) = EC sin(?Ct + mf sin?Mt) where EC is the rest-frequency peak amplitude, ?C and ?M represent the rest and modulating frequencies, and mf is the index of modulation. This equation represents a single low-frequency sine wave, fM, frequency modulating another high-frequency sine wave, fC. Note that this equation indicates that the argument of the sine wave is itself a sine wave. The Index of Modulation The index of modulation, mf, is given by the following relationship: A few more comments about the index of modulation, mf, are appropriate. As can be seen from the equation, mf is equal to the peak deviation caused when the signal is modulated by the frequency of the modulating signal; therefore, mf is a function of both the modulating signal amplitude and frequency. Furthermore, mf can take on any value from 0 to infinity. Its range is not limited as it is for AM. FM Power Relations Recall that for an FM wave the amplitude of the signal, and hence the power, remains constant. This means that the power in the individual frequency components of the wave must add up to the transmitter output power. Furthermore, if the modulation index changes, the total power must redistribute itself over the resulting frequency components. If there is no modulation, then mf = 0 and J0 = 1.0. Mathematically, this can be shown by the following: Prest freq = J0 power 2 Ptrans or Prest freq = Ptrans for mf = 0.0. To determine the power for any individual frequency component, we can use the following relation: Pn = Jn 2(mf) Ptrans 4.11 Furthermore, the total signal power will be given by: Ptotal = (J0power2 + 2J1power2 + 2J2power2 + 2J3power2 + ) Ptrans. The Effect of Noise on FM Recall AM and the effect of noise on it. Random electrical variations added to the AM signal altered the original modulation of the signal. For FM, noise still adds to the signal, but because the information resides in frequency changes instead of amplitude changes, the noise tends to have less of an effect. Expanding upon this idea a bit, one notes that the random electrical variations encountered by the FM signal will indeed cause distortion by jittering the frequency of the FM signal. However, the change in frequency modulation caused by the jittering usually turns out to be less than the change in the amplitude modulation caused by the same relative amplitude noise variations on an AM signal. Also unlike AM, the effect of the frequency jittering becomes progressively worse as the modulating frequency increases. In other words, the effect of noise increases with modulation frequency. Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis To compensate for this last effect, FM communication systems have incorporated a noise-combating system of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis FM Generation Techniques FM signals can be generated using either direct or indirect frequency modulation. Direct FM modulation can be achieved by directly feeding the message into the input of a VCO. For indirect FM modulation, the message signal is integrated to generate a phase modulated signal. This is used to modulate a crystal controlled oscillator, and the result is passed through a frequency multiplier to give an FM signal DIRECT FM GENERATION The simplest method for generating FM directly is to vary the frequency of an oscillator. A capacitance microphone or a varactor diode may be used as part of the oscillators frequency determining network. The capacitor microphones capacitance varies in response to the intensity of the sound waves striking it, making the oscillators frequency vary as the amplitude of the sound varies. The varactor diodes capacitance depends on the voltage across it. Audio signals placed across the diode cause its capacitance to change, which in turn, causes the frequency of the oscillator to vary. INDIRECT FM GENERATION While it is not possible to vary the frequency of a crystal oscillator directly, it is possible to vary its phase. The resulting PM signal can be used to create FM. This is the basis of the Armstrong modulator.The mathematics required to analyze the Armstrong modulator completely are complex, so we will discuss only the basic circuit operation. An audio signal is passed through a preemphasis network and then an integrator, a special network whose output is the time integral of the input signal.. In this way an FM signal is generated.The Armstrong modulator cannot produce much deviation, so combination of multipliers and mixers are used to raise the carrier frequency and the deviation. The multipliers are used to multiply the carrier and the deviation. The mixers are used to decrease the carrier, while keeping the deviation constant so that additional multiplier stages can be used to obtain more deviation. FM Performance FM Spectrum A spectrum represents the relative amounts of different frequency components in any signal. Its like the display on the graphic-equalizer in your stereo which has leds showing the relative amounts of bass, midrange and treble. These correspond directly to increasing frequencies (treble being the high frequency components). It is a well-know fact of mathematics, that any function (signal) can be decomposed into purely sinusoidal components (with a few pathological exceptions) . In technical terms, the sines and cosines form a complete set of functions, also known as a basis in the infinite-dimensional vector space of real-valued functions (gag reflex). Given that any signal can be thought to be made up of sinusoidal signals, the spectrum then represents the recipe card of how to make the signal from sinusoids. Like: 1 part of 50 Hz and 2 parts of 200 Hz. Pure sinusoids have the simplest spectrum of all, just one component: In this example, the carrier has 8 Hz and so the spectrum has a single component with value 1.0 at 8 Hz . The FM spectrum is considerably more complicated. The spectrum of a simple FM signal looks like: The carrier is now 65 Hz, the modulating signal is a pure 5 Hz tone, and the modulation index is 2. What we see are multiple side-bands (spikes at other than the carrier frequency) separated by the modulating frequency, 5 Hz. There are roughly 3 side-bands on either side of the carrier. The shape of the spectrum may be explained using a simple heterodyne argument: when you mix the three frequencies (fc, fm and Df) together you get the sum and difference frequencies. The largest combination is fc + fm + Df, and the smallest is fc fm Df. Since Df = b fm, the frequency varies (b + 1) fm above and below the carrier. A more realistic example is to use an audio spectrum to provide the modulation: In this example, the information signal varies between 1 and 11 Hz. The carrier is at 65 Hz and the modulation index is 2. The individual side-band spikes are replaced by a more-or-less continuous spectrum. However, the extent of the side-bands is limited (approximately) to (b + 1) fm above and below. Here, that would be 33 Hz above and below, making the bandwidth about 66 Hz. We see the side-bands extend from 35 to 90 Hz, so out observed bandwidth is 65 Hz. You may have wondered why we ignored the smooth humps at the extreme ends of the spectrum. The truth is that they are in fact a by-product of frequency modulation (there is no random noise in this example). However, they may be safely ignored because they are have only a minute fraction of the total power. In practice, the random noise would obscure them anyway. Frequency Response Frequency response is a specification used in amplifiers, pre-amplifiers, CD players, tape decks and other audio components to measure how uniformly it reproduces sounds from the lowest tones to the highest. An amplifier or other component should preserve the loudness relationship between various instruments and voices and should not over or under-emphasize any frequency or tone. This is known as flat frequency response. Bandwidth As we have already shown, the bandwidth of a FM signal may be predicted using: BW = 2 (b + 1 ) fm where b is the modulation index and fm is the maximum modulating frequency used. FM radio has a significantly larger bandwidth than AM radio, but the FM radio band is also larger. The combination keeps the number of available channels about the same. The bandwidth of an FM signal has a more complicated dependency than in the AM case (recall, the bandwidth of AM signals depend only on the maximum modulation frequency). In FM, both the modulation index and the modulating frequency affect the bandwidth. As the information is made stronger, the bandwidth also grows. Applications of frequency modulation: Broadcasting: FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech . Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM. A narrow band form is used for voice communications in commercial and amateur radio settings. The type of FM used in broadcast is generally called wide-FM, or W-FM. In two-way radio, narrowband narrow-fm (N-FM) is used to conserve bandwidth. In addition, it is used to send signals into space. Sound: FM is also used at audio frequencies to synthesize sound. This technique, known as FM synthesis, was popularized by early digital synthesizers and became a standard feature for several generations of personal computer sound cards. Radio: An example of frequency modulation. This diagram shows the modulating, or message, signal, xm(t), superimposed on the carrier wave, xc(t) The modulated signal, y(t), produced from frequency-modulating xc(t) with xm(t). A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation called radio FM. As , wideband FM (W-FM) requires a wider signal bandwidth than amplitude modulation by an equivalent modulating signal, but this also makes the signal more robust against noise and interference. Frequency modulation is also more robust against simple signal amplitude fading phenomena. As a result, FM was chosen as the modulation standard for high frequency, high fidelity radio transmission: hence the term FM radio (although for many years the BBC called it VHF radio, because commercial FM broadcasting uses a well-known part of the VHF band; in certain countries, expressions referencing the more familiar wavelength notion are still used in place of the more abstract modulation technique name).A high-efficiency radio-frequency switching amplifier can be used to transmit FM signals (and other constant-amplitude signals). For a given signal strength (measured at the receiver antenna), switching amplifiers use less battery power and typically cost less than a linear amplifier. This gives FM another advantage over other modulation schemes that require linear amplifiers, such as AM and QAM. REFRENCES; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation http://www.tech-faq.com/frequency-modulation.shtml http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/FM.htm http://www.answers.com/topic/frequency-modulation

The Executive Summary of the Business Plan :: Business Plans Financial Statements Essays

The Executive Summary of the Business Plan The executive summary is the most important part of the business plan. Many people will only read this. The summary in itself will not secure an investor, however, it can loose them. Quality - the quality of the summary must therefore be outstanding and you should pay particular attention to it. Obtain critical feedback from others on your drafts. Stand-alone - it is also used as a stand-alone document when introducing the project to others so it must be able to capture interest and entice the reader to take the next step and request more information - and secure a meeting. Style – cogent and terse. It should be direct and organized as a series of bulleted paragraphs, each deals with one key area. No waffle. Length - ideally one page, and certainly not more than two pages. Content - it needs to:  Introduce the project in terms of what area it is concerned with, what it is trying to do, and list the key individuals and advisors involved  Describe the stage the project reached particularly in terms of the "readiness for market" of its products, or product concepts, and outline any intellectual property, such as patents, that may support the products  Highlight the main market characteristics, including size and growth, and specify the market opportunity that you are addressing  State the central competitive advantages of your products and/or processes, how distinct they are from the competition and in what way, and how these are important to customers  Summarize the objectives of the company in the short and long term, and quantify these with specific numbers. Outline the key strategies you will use to achieve them  Include any "evidence of success" - this may be trade reviews, analyst comments, sales or partnership agreements, working prototypes, market testing, etc. which help to make the project more tangible to the reader and raises confidence in the project  Highlight any other key issues that should be noted  State your finance requirements and what stake in the company is available for this (see Financial Structure), and the planned exit strategy for the investor - i.e. how the investor will realize their return from the project. For more on this click Financing Structure. Example Text:  XYZ Company Limited is an Expert Design Consultancy focusing on Packaging Design Solutions for â€Å"Fast Moving Consumer Goods† (FMCG) in the Personal Care industry.

English Essay

People who ultimate while doing their homework are restricting their critical thinking cap abilities. Students who multicast while doing homework are more likely to see grade drops, and they tend to participate less in class discussions. Because multitasking is inefficient, student TTS should separate homework with other activities unrelated to their assignments. Multitasking d isn't work and when you're done with homework then it may be time for other activities you want to concur. Multitasking affects learning as performance degrades and time is lost with eve ere task that is multitasking.All activities performances' are affected if multitasking. Multitasking and driving is very popular amongst adults and teens. Drivers SE me pretty comfortable chatting on their cell phones while navigating the streets. But bra in researchers say it's a terrible idea, even with a handshake device. When using a handshake dive CE, scientists have found that talking on the phone distracts us to the po int where we devote less s brain power to focusing on the road. If you're driving while challenging, then your performance CE is going to be as poor as if you were legally drunk. Driving requires a surprising amount of b rain power.Out on the road, we have to process huge amounts of visual information, predict the actions of other drivers and coordinate precise movements Of our hands and feet. It can be do en, but proceed at your own risk. Multitasking and homework may seem like a bad combination, but it helps you u out in ways. Multitasking while doing your homework gives you something to do who en you get stuck, then you may come back to your problem with a fresh perspective. Multitasking Eng also can help you find help, if you're stuck on something you can surf the web and find a so race that may get you to your answer. English Essay They faced extreme weather conditions and pirates attack on the sea, when they arrived in Australia they get paid poorly and work long hours. The poem â€Å"Crossing the red sea† by Peter Crooknecks talked about polish migrants had to leave their home and their past experiences of war and destruction after World War II. They are forced on a journey to Australia by boat. They have to sail through the Red Sea and cross the Equator. It is very difficult for them to speak about their experiences and memories and to hare their sadness and stories.An example that supports the idea is â€Å"Peaks of mountains and green rivers that shared their secrets with storms and exiles†. This example showed that during their journey, mountains and rivers are the only things who would share their secrets. This example also showed journeys are challenging by using personification, it described mountains and rivers as human being who would share secrets with people. Every text has its own wa y of communicating its ideas to readers. The â€Å"Crossing the red sea† used a poem format to communicating its ideas while ‘The happiest refugee† sing a novel to express its ideas.The memoir â€Å"The happiest refugee† by Ann. do encountered by Vietnamese refugees and their journey to Australia. The Vietnamese refugees traveled on a crowded fishing boat with mostly children and women. Their boat got attacked by pirates twice and left them with nothing but trapped in the middle of the Pacific Ocean with a boat of Vietnamese refugees. When they finally made it to Australia, Ann.'s parents worked so hard to feed the family. Because Ann. couldn't speak much English he's often been teased at school. â€Å"As if they'd choose someone to be school obtain who has nits† is an example of people teasing Ann. at school.Because he's from a poor Vietnamese family, people make fun of him at school. This is the difficulty Ann. has to face in his life even though h e made it to Australia. Just like Ann.'s family many people in the world are facing different challenges every day and some of them are life threatening challenges. The features article â€Å"I've lost all hope that I can have a life here† highlights the challenges faced by Sir Lankan family after the civil war ended. In Sir Lankan thousands of families had been destroyed in the civil war.Women are being harassed and abused and men are facing finical problems. The biggest challenge for them is to cope with every days life and the quote â€Å"My dream is to give my children a good environment and education† emphasis the difficulties they're having in Sir Lankan. These texts have communicated journeys are challenging and difficult. The best text that demonstrates journeys are challenging is â€Å"The happiest refugee†. In this text composer used different types of examples to demonstrate their difficulties which successfully communicate the ideas to readers. English Essay ‘Birdsong with the themes of dreams and reality. Keats' however expresses his poems in the idea Of reaching the perfect moment and making it last forever. Skate's follows the idea of being transient through his poems and living forever, the theme of reality comes in to show you that there are the real things of life which need to be faced to take part in following your dreams.The novel ‘Atonement', written by Ian Mclean in 2001, emphasis on the young adolescent women, Bryony and the present self who bases herself as the a narrator of the book. She dreams of seeking â€Å"atonement† for the pain and suffering she has produced between Robbie and Cecilia. But through her efforts of achieving this reparation, reality comes in and crushes her chances of obtaining this dream of seeking forgiveness. Dreams and Reality possess a strong force in the three texts, often showing the reality in the harshness of the world we live in. English essay Students cannot get enough, it is like they would take a bullet for it. Smartest ones are crucial for everyday use & benefits students in a variety of different ways. It is useful for classroom learning because it is portable. Portability allows the device to fit al most every†here due to the size of the smartened. Also, using a smartened can save a massive amount of money in numerous ways. Lastly, it supports what a student does n school throughout their day. To tie it all together, smartness are going to benefit c assessor learning because it is portable, saves money, and supports students.Firstly, smartness benefit classroom learning because it is portable. Smarts hones require less energy to carry around because it is extremely lightweight. For in stance, portability enables students not to carry calculators, laptops, and textbooks AR mound since many of the essential necessities are already on a students smartened. For instance: a smartened provides most of the info on a l aptop. Carrying all the Laptops, tee taboo, & calculators wastes substantial amounts of money and space in your backpack .This generates into back injuries that could result In serious and/ or permanent damages. â€Å"Probabilities allows small devices to fit in a students hand, pocket, or purse† Elliot Swallows (1). Turf inning on with a press of a button; snapping a picture in less then a second; are many of the fee w phenomenal features of a smartened that relates to portability. Secondly, smartness benefit classroom education because it saves money. Students do not have to purchase the material that is already on the phone, s such as: cameras, books, calculators, & clocks.The necessities are already on a smarts hone. Phones also last a very extended time if taken care of properly. Textbooks tend to rip up because it is immensely old and usually the pages are missing caused by students reusing I t multiple times. Instead of buying textbooks, students can just use online te xtbooks who ICC is more convenient and saves an abundance amount of the school's money. Addition Ill, there are inline interactive educational APS that make learning enjoyable and free for students.As Elliot Swallows states, â€Å"Smart phones make possible everywhere learning, allot time learning† (1). On the whole, using a smartened can have a dominant impact on saving money for bounteous reasons. Although, smartness benefit students in a variety of different ways, on the other hand of course, it can also be an insufficient component in the classroom. The ma]or reason why many students oppose that smartness benefit learning in the classroom m is because it s terribly distracting.Many students are testing instead of paying attention to the teacher; using social media involving inappropriate websites; and especially superbly inning their fellow mates. Cheating is also a major issue also that needs to be addressed. When s dents are taking tests, there will always be a student on a smartened looking up the an sewers instead of trying. As a result, if students continue to care only about their social self & chi eat they may lack reading skills, manners, and many more negative attitudes/ habits.Elliot Swallows states You can not teach 21 SST century skills and content with 1 8th century paper an d pencil tools† (2). Back in the day students actually took the effort writing down stuff with a paper and pencil but in 2014 society, students are getting lazy due to smartness. To summary r;zee, smartness can be an inadequate factor in school by causing distractions, c heaters, and bad habits. Lastly, smartness furthermore benefit classroom education because it sup ports students. English Essay People who ultimate while doing their homework are restricting their critical thinking cap abilities. Students who multicast while doing homework are more likely to see grade drops, and they tend to participate less in class discussions. Because multitasking is inefficient, student TTS should separate homework with other activities unrelated to their assignments. Multitasking d isn't work and when you're done with homework then it may be time for other activities you want to concur. Multitasking affects learning as performance degrades and time is lost with eve ere task that is multitasking.All activities performances' are affected if multitasking. Multitasking and driving is very popular amongst adults and teens. Drivers SE me pretty comfortable chatting on their cell phones while navigating the streets. But bra in researchers say it's a terrible idea, even with a handshake device. When using a handshake dive CE, scientists have found that talking on the phone distracts us to the po int where we devote less s brain power to focusing on the road. If you're driving while challenging, then your performance CE is going to be as poor as if you were legally drunk. Driving requires a surprising amount of b rain power.Out on the road, we have to process huge amounts of visual information, predict the actions of other drivers and coordinate precise movements Of our hands and feet. It can be do en, but proceed at your own risk. Multitasking and homework may seem like a bad combination, but it helps you u out in ways. Multitasking while doing your homework gives you something to do who en you get stuck, then you may come back to your problem with a fresh perspective. Multitasking Eng also can help you find help, if you're stuck on something you can surf the web and find a so race that may get you to your answer.

10 Pieces of Career Advice No One Tells You

10 Pieces of Career Advice No One Tells You If you’re job searching, you’ve probably heard a ton of advice from well meaning relatives, mentors, and friends. But you probably aren’t getting career advice from superstars- you know those mythical people who do what they love and love what they do and really make an impact in the world? Keeping in mind that not everyone will succeed following the standard cookie-cutter job advice, and that taking a few unconventional risks just might be the smartest move for you, here are a few essential pieces of advice you probably won’t get told, but that maybe you should follow.1. Job requirements are not set in stone.Yeah, yeah. It’s important not to apply to anything for which you are blatantly under- or unqualified. Even so, unless the job is academic, legal, or medical- fields in which hard skills are crucially important- what matters is usually the value you bring to the position and your willingness to hit the ground running. It’s not common to get a hiring manager to look past their checklist of requirements, but with a little ingenuity and pluck, you just might have a shot.2. Embrace imposter syndrome.A combination of control and hard work, the feeling that you’re really good at what you do, and a healthy dose of insecurity might just be the magic potion. If you constantly feel that you’re not good enough at what you do, you’ll only push yourself to do better- and soon outpace everyone who thinks they can just sit back and go through the usual motions.3. Don’t be realistic.The number one thing people are going to tell you is to be realistic. But reality is an illusion. If you dream big and work hard, you can probably accomplish the unrealistic- even the unthinkable.4. Don’t pick based on numbers.So many people are picking careers these days based on average salaries or other employment statistics. Pick what you enjoy doing and strive to work really hard at it. You can make a good living doing almost anything if you seek to work with the top people in the field and match their pace. Picking a boring job you hate just because the numbers say it’s steady? That’s a sure path to burnout or boredom.5. Let your passion develop.Doing what you like doing isn’t the same as slavishly following your passion only. Remember that some of the hardest-core passions develop over time. You could choose a smart career path that you like well enough, but which suits your particular skills and talents, your passion might just grow organically into something that will really set you up.6. Create a position.If your dream job isn’t open- or doesn’t exist- do some homework. Study your industry, research companies you’d like to work for, find your niche and then start pitching yourself. If you can solve a company’s biggest challenges or can figure out a way to show them you’d be indispensable, then you’re well on your way.7. Sta rt at the top.If you just keep sending your resume among the thousands to HR, it might take you ages to get hired. Try getting your materials in the hands of the higher-ups first. Use your network. Call in favors. Be tactful, but get yourself heard by the people who matter most at a company. When in doubt, work the decision-maker’s personal or administrative assistant. Build a relationship there and you’ll find you have a powerful ally.8. Think five years in the future.Don’t just apply to every job that seems like you would like it now. Research the company, ask a few questions, and get a sense of what it’s like to work there. Then think yourself five years into the future. What would you actually be doing at this company or in this field, once you’ve worked up from entry-level? Make decisions based on that five year plan, rather than the any-job-will-do-right-now plan.9. Your boss mattersIt doesn’t matter how great the company is. Your work experience will be dominated by who your boss is. Finding a good mentor you respect is crucial. Pick someone you can learn from, and whose inner circle you would like to aim for.10. You need more than hard skillsWhat gets you a job right out of college, or fresh in a new field, won’t get you promoted to the next level. You’ll need to become savvy at working office politics, at listening, at reading body language, at being an essential team member. You’ll always need to keep your technical skills sharp, but these soft skills are the things that are going to take you furthest in your career.