Incarceration Balancing Punishment And Treatment

4.0 Alternatives to Incarceration Balancing Punishment and Treatment Mass Incarceration In December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates who were convicted of nonviolent crack cocaine offenses, six of whom were serving life sentences (Miles 2014). The surge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-century, America’s attempts to get tough on crime and wage a war on drugs have landed the U.S. the highest spot on the worldwide charts in regards to prison population; only in recent years has the rate of incarceration changed course, tracking a slow, steady downward trail. Incarceration is supposed to be punishment as rehabilitation, yet it has become the primary response to crime. It is simply punishment, greatly lacking in any true form of rehabilitation According to the National Bureau of Justice statistics on recidivism, it was found that within three years of release, about two thirds of released offenders were rearrested; of those rearrested, more than half were rearrested by the end of their first year of release (National Institute of Justice 2014). Most of the inmates are returning inmates, and have been caught in the vicious cycle of the system. Society does little to help reintegrate convicted offenders back into a normal lifestyle, making it difficult to find work andShow MoreRelatedPunishment or Rehabilitation, that Is the Question Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S prison system is used to both punish and rehabilitate offenders. The first thing that is done in that process is punishment. The punishment of offenders happens in several different ways. The first and most obvious way is prison life in general. The offenders are away from their family and friends so the effect of this punishment is not always immediately evident to the inmate. Sometimes they are not in a frame of mind to realize how having a family member in prison can damage the relationshipsRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention and control efforts, to criminal trials, post-conviction treatment of offenders, and post-release treatment of offenders. ThisRead MorePhilosophical And Practical Approach For B alancing Issues1209 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 3: Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues Running head: PHILOSOPHICAL AND APPROACH FOR BALANCING ISSUES Assignment 3: Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues Tardanika Marshall Strayer University CRJ 220: Ethics and Leadership Professor: Judy Tompkins, JD LLM September 9, 2015 Law enforcement officers deal withRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Justice1630 Words   |  7 Pages Juvenile Delinquents and Treatment Models Mark Roggeman Colorado Christian University Juvenile Delinquents and Treatment Models Among those who work in the juvenile justice system there is much discussion on how to effectively determine the appropriate consequences and or treatment for their actions. There are those who believe in punishment that includes incarceration and boot camp and there are those who believe in treatment programs with the goal of rehabilitationRead MoreEssay about How to Best Manage Juvenile Offenders700 Words   |  3 Pageslong contested issues. Professional opinions regarding treatment of said wrongdoers have swung between rehabilitation, punishment, and currently rehabilitation. Balancing public safety and the perpetrator’s mental and emotional development causes scrutiny and debate over laws and methods regarding treatment for the youth. Juvenile law focuses on rehabilitative services, when transfer to adult court is needed, and alternatives to incarceration. Understanding children’s mental and emotional developmentRead MoreDoes Punishment Deter Crime?1773 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: DOES PUNISHMENT Does Punishment Deter Crime? Kylon D. Shipp SOC 120 Week 6 Checkpoint University of Phoenix A question that all criminal justice professionals ask themselves is whether or not our justice system is up to the challenge of doing what it originally set out to do: â€Å"protect society from criminals, to punish those who commit crimes, and to make criminals better able to return to society once they have finished their sentences† (Topsfield Foundation, 1996). AlthoughRead MoreThe Constitutional Rights Of Prisoners1030 Words   |  5 PagesEqualizing the constitutional rights of prisoners and the functions of the jail or prison can create great strain on not only the correctional facilities’ staff but on the inmates as well. The treatment of prisoners is typically left completely to the prudence of prison administrators and other correctional officials. With that being said, this paper will discuss the differences between harmonizing those constitutional rights of prisoners and the functions of the facility. It will also explain theRead MoreThe History of Prison Reform1631 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The History of Prison Reform Introduction The evolution of prison reform is a reflection of societys changing attitudes toward crime and punishment. Prisons have progressed from simple places for incarceration where the primary purpose is to protect the public to instruments of punishment where the loss of freedom is penalty for breaking the law, to institutions for reform dedicated to mould the guilty to conform to societys norms. Prisons were among the first public buildings erected in theRead MoreAnalyzing Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections within the Correctional Practices2500 Words   |  10 PagesIntermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections within the Correctional Practices Description Of The Issue That You Select The issue is intermediate sanctions and community corrections within the correctional practices. The two classic forms of punishment/supervision for crimes in the United States are imprisonment and probation. Imprisonment is extremely expensive, often too harsh for both the offender and his/her family based on the crime committed, and tends to be far less effective than hopedRead More Deterrence, Rational and Restorative Justice Theories Essay1911 Words   |  8 Pagescelerity of punishment, proportionality, specific and general deterrence† (Burke, 2009). In order for the punishment to be effective it has to be certain, swift, severe. Certainty is more important than the severity in deterring crime. Deterrence theory confirms that if the punishment contains these three elements people will rationally calculate that there is more to be lost than there is to be gained from crime (Gordon, 2010). Deterrence functions in two ways. General deterrence is the punishment of the

Benefits Plans for Employees - 661 Words

Course title: Name of student: Institution: Benefits perform integral functions in compensating employees and the benefit package employed by a firm needs to be lucrative and distinct in the employment market. This serves as a decision-making factor in attracting new employees, retaining present ones and acceptance of offers by experts in the industry. Every organization strives to come up with the most efficient combination of benefits and achieve great utility for money. The choices taken hugely depend on both the employees and employers. Reliance Home amp; Office Security Solutions refers to a local entrant into the security services industry. It provides a variety of products tailor-made to the specific needs of different†¦show more content†¦These include legal insurance, tuition reimbursement for those who opt to advance their education and bonus plan. The current market in provision of security services boasts of several names. The lists also consists of firms like Group4Security (G4S) which applies an elaborate compensation employees for its workforce. Reliance borrowed the idea of legal insurance cover and tuition reimbursement from it. These two strategies serve to attract the most qualified experts in the industry. The cost target aims at developing a fund set aside for providing benefits to employees. The management promises that this fund remains off limit to covering company expenses and constantly grows as the company grows. A sustained growth ensures drafting of more benefits into the existent package. This methodology aims to serve the changing trends in the market workforce. Thus, the company asserts that this package provides a long-term pathway to retaining experienced employees and attracting others from rival firms. In the formulation of the benefit plan, the management sought the services of an independent human resources firm. The firm has a team of qualified professional to design suitable plans taking in consideration the legal guidelines set out by the government. Reliance, therefore, rests assured that the plan effectively meets the legal provisions and its application attains accolades from labor unions. The plan tends to favor theShow MoreRelated2.When Establishing A Benefits Plan For Employees, There862 Words   |  4 PagesWhen establishing a benefits plan for employees, there are numerous things employers need to consider. Benefits can be used to help retain talented employees, provide security for employees and their family members, and they can also be a powerful recruiting tool for employers. Employers need to be aware of the high cost of benefits while offering a competitive benefits package to keep great employees with their company and happy. As we discussed in class, the cost of benefits has increased tremendouslyRead MoreBenefits Of Employees And Employees At The Workplace Is The Utilization Of Incentive Pay Plans1254 Words   |  6 Pagesand expects, and what employees want and expect† (Lagace, 2003). One aspect of the ongoing negotiation between employers and employees in the workplace is the utilization of incentive pay plans. Employers utilize incentive pay plans to motivate and change employee behaviors in order to prioritize behaviors and outcomes that the employer is looking for. Pay for performance appears to be a common sense solution to motivate employees. It creates a reward system for employees that is tied to job performanceRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Ford Motor Company1657 Words   |  7 Pageslocated in the United States of America. The company has employed thousands of employees across the world. Any successful company must provide its employees with a good compensation and benefits plan to remain competitive. As a resu lt, this study focused on researching the types of compensation and benefits plans Ford Motor Company offered to its employees. The study found out that the company offers compensation and benefits plans such as base pay, variable pay, insurance (health, risk, and life), holidayRead MoreBasic Features Of A Group Benefits Insurance Plan760 Words   |  4 PagesDuring our recent phone conversation, I noticed your interest in our group benefits insurance plan. I believe that this product is tremendously beneficial to your business mainly for the reason that grouping employees together allows our company to deliver considerable coverage at lower rates to your business. In other words, the insurance plan offers your employees the protection they deserve and makes your company a great workplace that is likely to attract and retain talents, which supports increasedRead MoreEmployee Compensation Programs Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesBenefits have most definitely changed throughout the past years. According to Compensation, during 1880 people worked approximately 14 hours every single day except on Sundays and would only receive a raise if they stayed with the company for five years and if the company prospered during that time (Gerhart, 2011, p. 414). Over the next couple of years, employees began seeing work hours change from 60-64 hours per week to 54 hours by the year 1930. Eventually, employees were able to have holidaysRead MoreBenefits Of A Qualified Retirement Scheme1460 Words   |  6 Pagesemployers retain excellent employees and attract new employees. b. First, to reduce the current tax liability of workers, as the employer s contribution to the plan is not as taxable income. Second, the deferred income tax based on the accumulation of assets income, workers retire or receive funds after the payment of pension benefits. 2. According to this test, the number of non-General employees, not only highly compensated employees, but also benefit from a qualified plan. There are certain minimumRead MoreMerging Benefits at Huge Computer Company733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Case: Merging Benefits at Huge Computer Company Two major high-tech companies, Huge Co. (HC and Computer Co. (CC), have recently merged to form Huge Computer Company (HCC) and are now starting to combine the operations of both. A key issue of the integration has been how to treat the benefit and retirement plans from the two-companies—in particular, how to blend the plans for the software engineers, who are key to the continued success of the new company. Read the following case and write anRead MoreUniversity Health Systems Is The Leading Trauma Center For South Texas1671 Words   |  7 PagesThe organization that I have chosen is University Health Systems also known as Bexar County Hospital. University Health Systems is the leading trauma center for South Texas.. The medical benefits that are offered can only be used within the organization and the family medical offices. The University Health Systems is a large organization that is part of the medical school; as well it is the County Hospital where all the inmates go f or treatment. They are expecting every employee to use or go thoughRead MoreEssay Wal-Mart1065 Words   |  5 PagesEXPANDS HEALTH BENEFITS Business Case 4 Human Resource Management Foundation – HRM 500 1. How well do you think Wal-Mart’s earlier, more limited health benefits supported the company’s overall business strategy? I feel Wal-Mart’s earlier, limited health benefits did not support the company’s overall business strategy because, in order for employees to want to work for a specific employer, employees must feel they are making a difference in his/her position. Employees must also feelRead MoreRetirement Plan Proposal and Communication Plan Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesRetirement Plan Proposal and Communication Plan HRM/324 Retirement Plan Proposal and Communication Plan Retirement pensions provides a source of retirement income employees can draw on after they stop working, they have to invest for retirement while they are still on the job (Lightbulb Financial, 2013). To take advantage of the opportunity to accumulate tax-deferred earnings and in some cases defer taxes on their contributions as well, employees can participate in employer-sponsored

Accounting Theory and Current Issues Bio Sustainable Feeds Ltd. Austr

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory and Current Issues for Bio Sustainable Feeds Ltd. Australia. Answer: Problems with the early research of BSF Ltd The early research conducted by Bio Sustainable Feeds Ltd. is mainly to explore the feeds for fish from some plant based products in the form of canola, corn, soya bean, sunflower etc. The company had put effort and money in this research. The cost of the research had amounted to AUD 360 million. But the amount spent of AUD 120 million did not give expected level of result. The research had been done on the high value fishes like tuna, salmon, trout etc. The rte of growth with this feed is not reaching the expected level for which the money had been spent on research. Thus the objective of this research had been failed(Chung, 2016). The earlier research such conducted had tow-fold objectives- a) the environment is to be secured with the products used as ingredients as earthly items, b) the standard return expected from the research in perspective of the growth of the fishes which are fed with the newly evolved feed. As the second criterion is not achieved, it is bit difficult for the management to justify the outcome of the research and following development of the research. Development is second part of a successful research when it is going to be implemented. The justification of any research is to be asses through monetary terms with costs incurred and return generated. In this case the expected return of the growth of the fishes on which the research had been done, did not meet the level of expectation and the research had faced a setback. There lies the problem of the early researches undertaken by BSF on the fish feed from eco- friendly ingredients(Lothe, 2013). Difference between research and development- definition and discussion We are accustomed with the terms Research and Development to be uttered in one breath as R D. But these are two different words with different meaning and consequences. Research comes first as an effort to innovate new concepts or products while development comes afterwards when the research result is being publicised. The world-wide accepted definition of Research and Development had been evolved by Frascuti Manual 6th edition chapter 2, pages 30-48 which emphasizes that any type of activities which is powered with the nature of creativity carried away with systematic process to increase knowledge store with the inclusion of knowledge of human with the cultural part of the society and forced by the goal of deploying that knowledge for new application (Goldense, 2015). The term R D is covering the areas of action consisting of basic research, applied research and experimental development. There are situations which do not include as R D as per Frascati Manual. They are specified as standard testing process of for analysis of goods, components, finished goods, adoption of process management, studies undertaken to find out the feasibility, standard development of software and data collection for standard reason, but to honour PhD as an exception to be reckoned as the definition of research. The nature of research is continuous process with the character of analog and not digital in nature. Research is segmented in the road spectrum of definition as per Frascuti Manual as basic research, applied research and advanced development as they represent the basic concept of research with development for escalation of knowledge and apply that for different causes of mankind irrespective of nature of good or bad for mankind. The research taken over by BSF Lt d is of applied research in nature and the respective advanced development related to this effort is diagnosed for the fish feed with environment as key objective for the purpose (Ox, 2015). References Chung, E. (2016, March 23). Shift to plant-based fish feed could hurt health, environment. Retrieved September 18, 2016, from Cbc: https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/aquaculture-feed-1.3262922 Goldense, B. L. (2015, 02 24). The Difference Between Research and Development. Retrieved 09 13, 2016, from https://www.rdmag.com/: https://www.rdmag.com/article/2015/02/difference-between-research-and-development Lothe, R. (2013, March 27). Fish feed-research may help reduce world hunger. Retrieved September 18, 2016, from sciencenordic: https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-help-reduce-world-hunger Ox. (2015, 04). Research and Support. (u. o. Oxford, Producer) Retrieved 09 18, 2016, from www.admin.ox.ac.uk: https://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/researchsupport/applying/frascati/

Crucible Research free essay sample

During what is called the McCarthy era, a man Joe McCarthy] started a witch hunt for what he thought were Communist spies in the United States government to further his own career, his becomes known as the Red Scare. Events during this are, people being blacklisted as potential spies, the entertainment industry produces literature and movies that depict the USSR as the Red menace, and followers of McCarthy anti-Communist agenda encourage United States citizens to report their neighbors if they are acting suspicious.Many used this o get back at their bosses or other people they did not like. With this people were afraid to speak out against McCarthy and his ideals. l dont like McCarthy and I dont think Id ordinarily vote for him, but if beaten, it would look like its a victory for Communism. -Report on McCarthy and McCarthy, The New York Times Magazine, November 2, 1952[1] Reactions to the accusations made by McCarthy were mostly based on the fear of communism taking hold in the united States like they saw in other countries like Czechoslovakia and China. We will write a custom essay sample on Crucible Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The events that happened in Arthur Millers, The Crucible, is very similar. Citizens of Salem village were put in a state of fearing whether or not they were going to be accused of witchcraft and sentenced to death. This combined with a mob mentality became the Salem witch trials. Salem village was an English Puritan colony in Massachusetts. In around 1 692 the daughter and niece, of a Puritan minister named Paris, started to act strangely along with five other young girls. They were diagnosed with having been under the influence of an Evil Hand.The townsfolk became suspicious of a slave named Tuba, her with two other elderly women were arrested and accused of witchery. After this came a many accusations by some of the girls and the court started to process more and more people accused of witchery. Some of the punishments for being charged with witchery are being hanged or pressed to death by large stones. An explanation for this hysteria is that the girls were only doing it for the attention. Much of the Salem trials are somewhat mirrored in the Red Scare during the McCarthy era, like the mob mentality.A common symptom of the mob mentality is a fondness for organizing and organizations. [It should be acknowledged that the organizing spirit has its place in the defense Of freedom. This mentality can be used to accomplish more work than the individual alone, it can also enable profound discussions to be held, deepening each members insight into common Much of the contributions to the Red Scare, for example, would be the media and politicians warning against the Red people accused of being pies for the communist, and the news of the spread and apparent success of communism in Europe and Asia.Fear and mob mentality do not mix and will cause people to go over the top causing unfortunate people to have a bad time. Themes like mentioned before-hand still exist. For example, the publics view on terrorism. Many have set stereotypes for what a terrorist looks like, many would fear this image and something like a witch hunt happens and they become prejudice against those who fit their stereotype. Arabs and hose who appear like them with similar features, turbans and complexio n is an example, are picked out and watched more than others. Because of events and actions of one group would cause some to make blanket-assumptions of others who are innocent of their actions. The fear behind this is because of an event like 9-11 and bombings, they are afraid of it happening again and go to measures to prevent it in the future. Those who are uncomfortable should simply try to learn the way the people who they fear think about them. A ear-based mentality is usually caused by misunderstanding or misinformation of the situation at hand.

Lyric Dinner Case Study free essay sample

She had just completed her MBA from Harvard Business School in June 2009 and had various job opportunities to choose from; including the US office of an Israeli high-technology equipment firm and a major advertising firm in New York. However, due to her family owning a major stake in Lyric Dinner Theater and its business being in a tumultuous state, she got involved in it and joined as the general manager in Sept 2009. It was a very good decision for Lyric that Deborah joined as the general manager. Lyric Dinner Theater was at looking at consistently bad financial performance year after year and was struggling with its finances and payables even after a recent loan. Further, its operations were in a mess, costs were extremely high, employees were de-motivated and incompetent and capacity was under-utilized. Further, the Board of Directors were considering winding up the business if it did not break even or start showing profits in another year. We will write a custom essay sample on Lyric Dinner Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deborah joining at this stage was a blessing for Lyric Dinner Theater. She brought with her a spate of fresh management inputs and a wide range of actions to improve Lyric Dinner Theater’s business structure, operations, production, sales and marketing functions. But while she was able to contribute to Lyric Dinner Theater’s way of functioning, she was not yet experienced enough to completely tackle all the issues required to successfully turn around a business that is in such a bad situation. Further, she did not have the Dinner Theater industry’s inner knowledge or experience that such a project demands. Even from Lyric’s view point, it would be better if Deborah could have been able to provide her management inputs from outside while bringing in a highly experienced industry manager like Mike Johnson of Tiffany’s Attic to head the business. Analyzing from a solely career point of view, joining Lyric Dinner Theater was a high risk – high reward move for Deborah. If she is still able to turn around the business and make it profitable, it can become a big professional and career achievement to her advantage. However, if she is unable to turn the business around; though she might learn a lot through this experience – it will definitely put her career on a slower track. 2. Can this business be profitable? If not, why not? If yes, what needs to be done to achieve profitability? In my opinion, this business can be profitable. There are a host of factors and statistics that make it seem difficult to succeed in this business segment of Dinner Theaters. These are – * Only about 50 % of dinner theaters are profitable as per the industry analysis given in the case * An extremely high bankruptcy rate of 30% per year exists for the industry on the whole * More and more dinner theaters are shutting down and lesser and lesser new businesses are coming up – in short, the industry is shrinking * The business faces extremely high competition from virtually all other sources of entertainment including sporting events and concerts In spite of these seemingly disastrous industry statistics and insights, the dinner theater business can be extremely profitable if managed properly and by a well-experienced management team. In the case study itself, Firehouse which is functioning in the same business environment is doing well and so is Tiffany’s Attic in Kansas City (due to better management). Further, this business very much seems to be profitable when we prepare the accounting statements on an accrual basis. I have recalculated the income statement for YTD February based on the following assumptions: * Income (Box Office Sales and Liquor amp; Miscellaneous) is as stated in the case * Variable cost of sales is calculated on the ratio of cost to sales in 2009 (assuming that in 2009, on an average the payments were done for what was consumed). This is important because in the cash system, the outflows are more on need to pay a supplier basis and not what is actually consumed. * For ‘Food Purchased’ and ‘Supplies’, the ratio is considered with Box Office Sales (This will also provide a higher than actual figure, as the actual food costs had reduced in 2010 as a result of the new chef being employed. However, it is done to ensure a conservative basis for calculating profits) * For ‘Liquor Purchased’, the ratio is considered with Liquor amp; Miscellaneous Sales * It is assumed that ‘Show expenses’ has to be paid immediately – so it is taken as given in the case for YTD February * It is assumed that ‘General Overhead Expenses’ will remain same in 2010, as it was for 2009; and the expenses can be accrued proportionately over 12 months. This is important because in the cash system, the outgoings for items like rent is overstated (in initial months) and for items like depreciation is understated (in initial months) * ‘Other Income’ has been ignored to follow conservative accounting policy and ensure that profits are not overstated (The calculations are in the attached excel sheet. ) After restating the Income amp; Expenditure Statement on accrual basis, the YTD February net profit increases from USD 4,701 to USD 26,879. Thus, the actual profit is much more than what is stated. This suggests that the business can be very much profitable. The turn-around from a loss making enterprise to achieving a profit of over USD 26000 can be attributed to two factors: * A part of it can be attributed to the show â€Å"Annie† * However, only the show cannot bring so much difference. A large part of it has to be attributed to the changes brought about by Belzer. To achieve profitability in the long run, it needs to be ensured that the already implemented changes are properly executed and followed, and it also requires a host of other changes. The changes already introduced by Belzer are

Sample Introduction For All Essays

Sample Introduction For All EssaysIf you need to write a sample introduction start for all essay, you've come to the right place. If you're looking for ideas on how to write a sample introduction start for all essay, you should first think about what this part of the essay is going to be about. Your sample should be brief but very concise and should include a solid introduction that starts things off on the right foot. Here are a few ideas that you can start from.Your introduction should tell people what the rest of the essay is going to be about. A good way to do this is to find a true statement that is true for you and someone else. For example, if you are writing about your family history, you might want to include the fact that your father was one of seven children. You might also want to include how your father left home when you were three years old to live with his grandparents because he was ill. Your introduction will help others understand what kind of person you are, and w hat kind of person they should read about when they're reading your essay.Once you have your true statement or question ready, then you can begin writing about the topic that you've just discussed. Your introduction starts for all essay should be included in the middle of your essay. This is the main section, where people can read the most about you. It's a great idea to include a photo at the beginning of your essay as well, so they can look at it and see who you are.When you're writing your sample introduction for all essay, you should take your time. Don't worry about the facts that you have written, but rather just let your mind wander off. Let your thoughts become engrossed in the story you are trying to tell.Be careful about using quotes when you're writing your sample introduction for all essay. People will sometimes read through your article and think about quoting you directly in the essay. When this happens, it can be difficult to edit out what you have written. If you're worried about something, try looking up the quotation.Information is extremely important when you're writing an introduction. It should be written in such a way that people can be able to easily relate to it. This means that you shouldn't be afraid to include specific names, places, or specific information. A few very general names and city and state details are usually sufficient, though you may be able to get away with writing even more.It's an important thing to keep in mind when you're writing your sample introduction. Sometimes, people might see you in class or find out about your article by searching online. So you'll want to make sure that you've included all of the correct names and facts for the people who might come across your sample introduction.Writing a sample introduction for all essay is not that hard. Just remember to be brief, and include your true statement or question at the beginning of your essay. It's the perfect place to start the conversation.

The Right of Habeas Corpus in the Context of the War on Terror essay

The Right of Habeas Corpus in the Context of the War on Terror essay The Right of Habeas Corpus in the Context of the War on Terror essay The Right of Habeas Corpus in the Context of the War on Terror essay  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Habeas corpus is one of the means of providing strong protection for the individual liberty of people. It is a civil procedure that has a long and colorful history of evolution. The term â€Å"habeas corpus† stands for a â€Å"command, issued as a means of interlocutory process, to have the defendant to an action brought physically before the court† (Farbey et al., 2011, p. 2). Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the right of habeas corpus, including to whom it should be applied and where it should be used, was raised in the context of the war on terror. Habeas corpus, as a legal proceeding, is considered to be a significant remedy for prisoners. According to David Andrew Schultz (2009), prisoners have the right to â€Å"ask a court to evaluate the legality of his or her detention† (p. 334). It is very important for any individual to understa nd the legal justification for detention. Thesis statement: The application of habeas corpus has changed since its origin because of certain changes in political environment, but its major purpose remains unchanged to protect individual liberty and human rights. As a result, the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror continues to be in force and effect.The historical evolution of the writ of habeas corpus  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historical evolution of habeas corpus can be explained in English and American traditions. Habeas corpus stands for the â€Å"order to bring a person into the custody of the court† (Farbey et al., 2011, p. 1). The origins of habeas corpus refer to the early 13-th century, when the use of habeas corpus was focused on putting an individual to prison rather than to setting free. To put it more exactly, habeas corpus was adopted to ensure the physical presence of an individual in the court at a set time (Farbey et al., 2011; Schultz, 2009).   Historians state that in some situations, it was used to â€Å"signify a command to the sheriff to bring a person accused of a crime before the court† (Farbey et al., 2011, p. 2). At the early stage of the history of habeas corpus, this term was not associated with the idea of individual liberty.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, there were three important medieval writs, which played an important role in the development of the idea of liberty: â€Å"de homine replegiando, mainprize and de odio et atia† (Farbey et al., 2011, p. 3). These writs were applied to special procedures, enabling prisoners to get out on bail. In this case, the court did not give explanation of the cause of imprisonment. So, the legality of imprisonment could be determined in case of habeas corpus.The explanation of the evolution of habeas corpus within the English tradition is based on the adoption of the English common law. According to Sir William Blackstone, an outstanding English lawman, the habeas corpus was first applied by the court in 1305 (Schultz, 2009).   Some other historical evidence shows that it was first recorded by Magna Charta in 1215 (Schultz, 2009). Thus, the original judicial application of the law was in favor of the King as the initial purpose of the habeas writ was to call prisoners to court to testify. The changes in the political environment through the ages influenced the application of the habeas writ (Primus, 2010).   The present purpose of the law is to provide protection against arbitrary detention of individuals by the law enforcement agencies. American tradition includes the general meaning of the right of habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution and its positive relationship to the protection of other civil liberties and rights.There are many examples from the U.S. history that demonstrate the cases of the suspension of habeas corpus, including the Civil War, the WWI cases. For examp le, in 1862, President Lincoln suspended the habeas writ for persons who were arrested for disloyal practices. The suspension of habeas corpus can be applied to the present situation because of the Constitution’s clauses that authorize the U.S. government to have power in terms of the use of the habeas writ. The Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution refers to the congressional authority, which can be applied to present day cases of war on terrorism. The writ of habeas corpus is still an important component of the law, although the debates surrounding it are still prevalent.Analysis of the relevance of habeas corpus to the contemporary U.S. situation  during the war on terrorAnalyzing the relevance of habeas corpus to the contemporary U.S. situation during the war on terror, it is necessary to assess the impact of the writ on the persons characterized by as enemy combatants or illegal combatants. Due to the writ of habeas, a person can be released from unlawful deten tion. Habeas corpus played an important role the cases that had direct relation to the war on terror not only in the U.S., but also in the United Kingdom, where it was alleged that â€Å"detainees have been held in breach of international human rights law standards† (Duxbury, 2013, p. 85). There are several cases that are relevant to the habeas writ, including Rusul v. Bush (2004), Boumediene v. Bush (2008), and other cases. Military commissions were used to trial detainees. In many cases, prisoners were limited to a ‘single habeas petition† (Slomanson, 2010, p. 544).The U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the right of habeas corpuswith respect to enemy combatants or illegal combatantsThe U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the right of habeas corpus with respect to enemy combatants or illegal combatants can be analyzed by means of the case Boumediene v. Bush, in which the views of the five justices made up the majority. The petitioners in the case were detained foreigners who were withdrawn by the court, violating the Suspension Clause of the Constitution. The 5-4 opinion court decision authored by Justice Kennedy was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court, holding that the petitioners had a constitutional right to habeas corpus. Besides, the views of the four dissenting justices should be taken into consideration.In general, the writ of habeas can be described as a wartime practice with respect to enemy combatants. However, Americans assisting the enemy during war actions have always been treated as â€Å"traitors subject to criminal process† (Gregory, 2013).Evaluation of four perspectives relating to habeas corpusThe issue regarding habeas corpus has been discussed by the justices of the Supreme Court, leaders in other branches of government, and commentators in both the academic and popular media.The role of the President as Commander-in-Chief  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of the President as Commander-in-Chief regarding habeas corpus is based on his constitutional authority to provide protection to the nation and national security in the most suitable manner. It has been found that the President has the right to exercise his Commander-in-Chief authority in â€Å"conjunction with the complete support of Congress† (Gregory, 2013, p. 368).The role of Congress in determining when habeas corpus can be suspended  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of Congress in determining when habeas corpus can be suspended is crucial. According to researchers, â€Å"the Suspended Clause of the Constitution allows Congress to suspend the writ of habeas corpus â€Å"in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion† of â€Å"the public safety†¦ requires it† (qtd. in Blum, 2008, p. 99). If the attacks of September 9, 2001 can be viewed an invasion, it is possible to respond to this invasion by suspending the writ (Redish McNamara, 2010).   The threat to the nat ion posed by terrorism can be regarded as invasion, although there is no this occasion in the US Constitution. Nevertheless, Congress has the right and power to suspend habeas corpus as it is the branch of the US government. In the case of Boumediene v. Bush, Congress passed Military Commissions Act of 2006, to address the detention of the foreigners at Guantanamo Bay. This act cannot be viewed as the formal suspension of habeas corpus (Farrell, 2011).The role of the Supreme Court in protecting civil liberties, including the judicial philosophy which should guide the Court in this role  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The U.S. Supreme Court holds that the privilege of habeas corpus permits the prisoner to have an opportunity to show that â€Å"he is being held pursuant to the erroneous application or interpretation of relevant law† (Blum, 2008, p. 90). In the case of Boumediene v. Bush (2008), the foreigners at Guantanamo Bay enjoyed the right of habeas corpus, bri nging their petition to the federal court (Neuman, 2010).   This fact means that foreigners have the right to file habeas corpus petition as the U.S. citizens do. This is a so-called procedural remedyMy personal philosophy, values, or ideology about the balance between civil liberties and national security in the context of an unending war on terror  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that the common laws on terrorism must be flexible, and the law of habeas corpus should be followed. Today the USA is a well-developed country, which has an opportunity to capture a criminal anywhere on the globe.   Besides, the President’s power is effective to deal with war on terrorism. However, I completely agree with Justice Thomas who states that â€Å"the court’s ability to keep up with the president must stay frozen forever† (Gregory, 2013, p. 370). The nature of the common law in the judiciary depends on the presidential wartime powers. The Presidency was adopted by the U.S. Constitution that provides the application of the common law practices, including the writ of habeas corpus. My personal philosophy is based on promoting justice in all spheres of human activity, especially in the judiciary and governance.   I believe there should be the balance between civil liberties and national security in the context of an unending war on terror. In time of war on terror, it is necessary to avoid conflicts which affect national defense.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that habeas corpus has always been an important writ aimed at protecting individual liberty from unlawful governmental actions. The major goal of habeas corpus is to keep executive governmental agencies and departments accountable to their judiciary. American national government plays a crucial role in examination of civil liberties in the context of the war on terror. Today the U.S. has to deal with the war on terr orism which often leads to the problems connected with striking a balance between individual liberty rights and national security. The right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror should continue to be in force and effect.